Pasadena, California
Pasadena, California, began its most famous tradition with a boast. In 1890, Professor Charles F. Holder of the Valley Hunt Club, a local social club, explained why the town should hold a festival. His words were: "In New York, people are buried in snow. Here our flowers are blooming and our oranges are about to bear. Let's hold a festival to tell the world about our paradise." Today Pasadena sits about ten miles northeast of downtown Los Angeles. It is the most populous city and the primary cultural center of the San Gabriel Valley. Who lived here before the orange groves? Why does a Southern California city carry a name from a language spoken far away? And how did one modest town end up hosting rocket engineers, a Shakespeare record and a football tradition of its own?
The Hahamog-na, a branch of the Tongva Nation, were the earliest known inhabitants of the land that became Pasadena. They spoke the Tongva language, part of the Uto-Aztecan language group. Native Americans had lived in the Los Angeles Basin for thousands of years. In the 1770s Spanish colonists built the San Gabriel Mission as part of the Viceroyalty of New Spain. They renamed the local Tongva people Gabrielino Indians after it. Several bands of Tongva people still live in the Los Angeles area.
Mexico became independent of Spain in 1821, and California passed to the Mexican government. In 1833 the mission lands were secularized, and most California land was granted to private Mexican citizens as ranchos. Three ranchos divided the future city. Rancho San Rafael lay west of the Arroyo Seco and stretched toward Burbank and Glassell Park. Rancho Santa Anita covered present-day east Pasadena, Arcadia and Monrovia. The central grant, Rancho del Rincon de San Pascual, took in central Pasadena, Altadena and South Pasadena. It got its name because it was deeded on Easter Sunday to Eulalia Perez de Guillén Mariné of Mission San Gabriel Arcángel.
Manuel Garfias, the last Mexican owner of San Pascual, kept his title through the American conquest of California in 1848 and statehood in 1850. He sold sections to the first Anglo settlers, Dr. Benjamin Eaton, father of Fred Eaton, and Dr. S. Griffin. Most of the land went to Benjamin Wilson, who established his Lake Vineyard nearby. Local Indians called Wilson Don Benito. He also owned Rancho Jurupa, which is now Riverside, and served as mayor of Los Angeles. He was the grandfather of World War II General George S. Patton Jr., and Mount Wilson carries his name.
In 1873 Dr. Daniel M. Berry of Indiana came to visit Wilson. Berry wanted a mild climate for his patients, most of whom had respiratory ailments. He was asthmatic himself, and he decided that he had slept better at Rancho San Pascual than anywhere else. To keep the find secret, he code-named the area Muscat, after the grape Wilson grew. Berry raised money by forming the Southern California Orange and Citrus Growers Association and selling stock in it. His group bought a large portion of land along the Arroyo Seco, and on the 31st of January 1874 they incorporated the Indiana Colony. Wilson added 2000 acres of then-useless highland as a gesture of good will, and part of it became Altadena.
Colonel Jabez Banbury opened the first school on South Orange Grove Avenue. His twin daughters, Jennie and Jessie, were its first students. The colony was then a narrow strip between the Arroyo Seco and Fair Oaks Avenue. Across the street lay Wilson's Lake Vineyard development. After more than a decade of parallel growth, the two settlements merged, and Pasadena was incorporated on the 19th of June 1886. That was 36 years after Los Angeles. The Indiana colonists chose the name, which means "valley" in the language of the Ojibwe, a tribe not local to the region. A new kind of arrival was only a year away, and it would come by rail.
In 1887 the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway opened its Second District, and trains began stopping at the Santa Fe Depot. The stops set off a real estate boom. Tourist hotels went up, and Pasadena became a winter resort for wealthy Easterners. New neighborhoods and business districts followed, along with better road and transit links to Los Angeles.
The first of the grand hotels was the Raymond, opened in 1886 atop Bacon Hill. The hill was renamed Raymond Hill after construction. The original building was a Mansard Victorian with 200 rooms. It burned down on Easter morning of 1895 and was rebuilt in 1903. It was razed during the Great Depression to make way for housing. The Maryland Hotel, open from the early 1900s, was demolished in 1934. The world-famous Mount Lowe Railway and its mountain hotels also shut down after fire damage. Three hotel structures survive. The Green Hotel has been a co-op since 1926. The Vista Del Arroyo now serves as a federal courthouse. A residential tower of the Maryland, at 80 North Euclid Avenue, has been a co-op since 1953.
At the depot, up to 26 passenger trains passed through each day. Celebrities who wanted to avoid the media in Los Angeles often chose Pasadena as their main station. That habit gave the city an association with old Hollywood. The Second District served manufacturing and agricultural businesses across the San Gabriel Valley, but it had a weakness. Longer trains struggled up a steep 2.2% grade at the Arroyo Seco, and crews had to add extra locomotives at great cost. The Third District, opened in 1888, soon took over most of the longer freight trains. The Santa Fe acquired the Los Angeles and San Gabriel Valley Railroad in 1906, and a traditionally styled station opened in 1925.
Amtrak took over passenger service in 1971 with trains such as the Southwest Chief, the Las Vegas Limited and the Desert Wind. The final Southwest Chief arrived on the 15th of January 1994. The Santa Fe then sold the line through Pasadena after the 1994 Northridge earthquake damaged a bridge in Arcadia that the line used. The old depot is still visible at the Del Mar station, converted into a restaurant.
Light rail took over the right-of-way. It opened in 2003 as the Gold Line, now called the A Line, with six stations in Pasadena. The city had voted against any more diesel locomotives, so electric trains were preferred to Metrolink-style service. The new line also allowed the old railroad crossing on Colorado Boulevard to close, so motorists and the Rose Parade would no longer be held up by trains. Construction of an eastward extension began in June 2010, and it began revenue service on the 5th of March 2016.
By 1940 the Arroyo Seco Parkway, California's first freeway, tied Pasadena to downtown Los Angeles. The city had become the eighth-largest in California and was widely considered a twin of Los Angeles.
The Gamble House, finished in 1908, is the masterpiece of the American Craftsman style. Charles and Henry Greene, of the architectural firm Greene and Greene, built it as their ultimate bungalow. It was the home of David Gamble, son of James Gamble of Procter and Gamble, at the north end of Orange Grove Boulevard. The Robert R. Blacker House is another of their ultimate bungalows. Both are California Historical Landmarks and are listed on the National Register of Historic Places. The Gamble House is also a National Historic Landmark, open to the public as a museum. In 1966 it was deeded to the city in an agreement with the University of Southern California School of Architecture. Every year, two fifth-year architecture students live in the house full-time.
Bungalow Heaven shows how far the style spread. This neighborhood holds 800 small Craftsman homes built between 1900 and 1930, and many are still occupied. Much of the area became a landmark district in 1989, and annual historic home tours have run since then. The Greenes built several Japanese-inspired bungalows in Pasadena, and the homes of Bungalow Heaven reflect their success.
Orange Grove Boulevard earned the name Millionaire's Row. Its estates once read like a Who's Who of American consumer products. William Wrigley Jr., maker of Wrigley's chewing gum, owned a substantial home there. After Mrs. Wrigley's death in 1958, it was offered to the city on the condition that it become the permanent headquarters of the Rose Parade. It stands today as the Tournament House. Adolphus Busch, co-founder of Anheuser-Busch, established the first of his Busch Gardens in Pasadena. When he died at his estate there, his wife offered the property to the city, and the city inexplicably refused. His neighbor Henry Markham was the 18th Governor of California, serving from 1891 to 1895, and wrote Pasadena: Its Early Years.
The home of Anna Bissell McCay, daughter of carpet sweeper magnate Melville Bissell, is a four-story Victorian on the border of South Pasadena. Today it is a bed and breakfast. Thaddeus S. C. Lowe lived in a 24,000-square-foot house on South Orange Grove. He converted its sixth-story solarium into an observatory. Lowe started a water-gas company, founded the Citizens Bank of Los Angeles, built numerous ice plants and bought a Pasadena opera house. He also established the railway in the mountains above the city, and he eventually lost his fortune.
The rocket scientist John Whiteside Parsons was brilliant but troubled. He sometimes shared his residence with other noteworthy people, including L. Ron Hubbard, the founder of Scientology. In 1952 Parsons died in an explosion while testing a new rocket fuel in his home laboratory in Pasadena.
In 1895 the Tournament of Roses Association was formed to take charge of a parade that the Valley Hunt Club could no longer manage. The Rose Parade traditionally features elaborate floats, bands and equestrian units. It runs on the 1st of January, or the 2nd if the 1st falls on a Sunday. The organizers insist that "Every inch of every float must be covered with flowers, or other natural materials, such as leaves, seeds, or bark." An average float needs about 100,000 flowers and greenery. The most perishable flowers go into small vials of water, each fixed to the float individually. Volunteers swarm over the floats in the days after Christmas, with hands and clothes covered in glue and petals.
Over almost three hours, floats and participants travel more than 5 miles. More than one million viewers watch them pass, and many camp out on New Year's Eve for the best view. The official start of the route is the corner of Orange Grove and Colorado Boulevards, which is why the Norton Simon Museum appears so often on the parade broadcast.
The Tournament of Roses also auditions local female high school students for the Rose Court. Seven candidates advance, and one is chosen as Rose Queen while the others become Rose Princesses. They visit small stores owned by local residents to boost business in the area. During the parade they ride on a float, and each princess also represents her own high school and community.
The Doo Dah Parade exists to poke fun at all of this. It began in Old Pasadena in 1978 and soon gained national notoriety. Reader's Digest named it "America's Best Parade." It was once held around Thanksgiving, a month before the Rose Parade, but now takes place in January. In 2011, after 33 years in Pasadena, it moved to East Pasadena for the first time. Its entrants include the BBQ and Hibachi Marching Grill Team, the Men of Leisure and the Bastard Sons of Lee Marvin. Proceeds from its pancake breakfast, T-shirts and after-party go to charity.
In 1902 the association added a football game to the New Year's Day program. It was the first post-season college football game played on New Year's Day, and it earned the name "The Grandaddy of Them All." After two decades the game outgrew its original facility. A new stadium rose in the Arroyo Seco and hosted its first New Year's Day game in 1923. It was soon christened the Rose Bowl, and so was the game itself.
The stadium, a National Historic Landmark, is home field for the UCLA Bruins and has hosted five Super Bowls. It staged soccer at the 1984 Summer Olympics, the final of the 1994 FIFA World Cup and the final of the 1999 FIFA Women's World Cup. The Los Angeles Galaxy played there from the team's start in 1996 until 2003, and the stadium hosted the 1998 MLS Cup. Beyonce and Jay Z brought their On the Run Tour on the 2nd of August 2014. On the Fourth of July, people gather to watch fireworks in the stadium.
Next door, the Rose Bowl Aquatics Center hosted the final practices of the 2000 US Olympic swimming and diving team. It held the 2008 U.S. National Diving Championships, and it will host diving at the 2028 Summer Olympics.
World War II brought Pasadena a surge of high-tech manufacturing and scientific companies, because Southern California had become a major staging area for the Pacific War. The trend continued for decades afterward. NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Tetra Tech and Ameron International were notable arrivals. In the city's 2024 financial report, the laboratory is the top employer, with 5,029 employees. Kaiser Permanente follows with 4,760, and the California Institute of Technology with 3,900. Huntington Memorial Hospital lists 3,200 and Pasadena City College 2,619.
Caltech sits in the south-central part of the city and manages the laboratory for NASA. As of 2022, its 46 Nobel Laureates have brought 47 Nobel Prizes home to Pasadena. In 2005 the campus dedicated a weather station to the late Nobel laureate geneticist and meteorologist Ed Lewis. The Ed Lewis Memorial Weather Station supplies weather information to KNBC and to thousands of websites on school campuses across the nation.
The Kaiser Permanente Bernard J. Tyson School of Medicine matriculated its first class in 2020 and waived tuition and fees for its first five classes. In the 2021 admissions cycle it had the lowest acceptance rate among all American medical schools. Fuller Theological Seminary is one of the largest multidenominational seminaries in the world. University of the People, on Lake Avenue, is described as the world's first tuition-free online university that awards accredited degrees.
Art Center College of Design runs two campuses. The Hillside Campus sits in the San Rafael Hills overlooking the Rose Bowl, and the South Campus lies at the southern edge of town. Pasadena City College, a public community college, was founded in 1924. Until about 1970, the Rose Parade Queen's court was chosen exclusively from its students.
The American Academy of Dramatic Arts was founded in 1884 in New York and opened a Pasadena campus in 1974. It was the first school in the United States to offer professional education in acting, through a two-year program. In 2001 the conservatory moved from Pasadena to Hollywood.
Pasadena had a public library before it was even a city. The Pasadena Central Library, designed by architect Myron Hunt, was dedicated in 1927. It covers 110,000 square feet and is listed on the National Register of Historic Places. A recent renovation left its historic integrity intact. Filmmakers chose it for both its architecture and its interior when shooting Matilda, Legally Blonde and Red Dragon.
The 1950s brought a steady influx of people from the Southern United States, especially African-Americans from Texas and Louisiana. Pasadena also began hosting a large immigrant community from China, Japan, the Philippines, Mexico, Guatemala, El Salvador, Italy, Armenia and India. The census numbers show how the city changed. White residents of any race made up 90.6% of the population in 1950 and 41.7% in 2020. Asian residents grew from 1.5% to 17.7% over the same span. Black residents were 19.0% in 1990 and 8.1% in 2020. The 2020 census counted 138,699 people, making Pasadena the 45th-largest city in California and the ninth-largest in Los Angeles County.
In 1969 the Pasadena Unified School District was desegregated, though the issue stayed in court for another decade. A year later the 210 Freeway was built along a newly chosen route. Its construction was controversial. It demolished over a thousand homes, many of them historic, and many people claimed that the route was designed to cut off the city's less wealthy neighborhoods.
Downtown became dangerous in some parts and deserted in others, and murder and arson skyrocketed. Old Pasadena faced destruction as plans for new high-rise developments were drawn up. Increasingly active preservation advocates stopped most of them. Many residents left for nearby suburbs or the Inland Empire, and the population fell. Low property values also drew local artists and hipsters, and their legacy still shows in the city's irreverent streak.
A freeway that never arrived caused its own fights. The Long Beach Freeway was meant to connect Long Beach to Pasadena, but a stretch known as the South Pasadena Gap was never completed because of legal battles, primarily involving the city of South Pasadena. The gap will no longer be built, and the $780 million earmarked for it now goes to local infrastructure improvements.
In 2014 several arrests were made in an embezzlement scheme that stole an estimated $6.4 million from the city's Underground Utility Program.
Pasadena has a Mediterranean climate. Locals call June "June Gloom" because it is the cloudiest month even though it is the third driest. The city averages 20.08 inches of rain a year, about 6 inches more than Los Angeles, thanks to the San Gabriel Mountains. The wettest rain year ran from July 1940 to June 1941 and brought 46.32 inches. The driest, from July 1960 to June 1961, brought just 7.18 inches. The most rain in 24 hours fell on the 2nd of March 1938, at 7.70 inches. February 1980 holds the monthly record, at 19.70 inches.
Snow does fall now and then at the base of the mountains. The heaviest snowfall came on the 11th of January 1949, with 8 inches at city hall and more than 14 inches in the foothills. The most recent was 1 inch on the 21st of February 2019. Santa Ana winds bring heat, high winds, power outages, tree damage and an increased wildfire threat. On the 30th of November and the 1st of December 2011, they toppled trees, damaged buildings and tore the roof off a gas station. In January 2025, portions of Pasadena were destroyed in the Eaton Fire.
The Pasadena Playhouse, the State Theater of California, celebrated its centennial season in 2018. It is a member-supported company that puts on five shows a year. In 1937 it set a record as the only theatre in the United States to have staged the entire Shakespearean canon. The Pasadena Symphony, founded in 1928, plays at the Ambassador Auditorium, which Herbert W. Armstrong guided into being as a venue for Worldwide Church of God services and public concerts. The Pasadena Pops plays at the Los Angeles County Arboretum and Botanic Garden. The Boston Court Performing Arts Center opened in 2003 near Lake and Colorado.
The Civic Auditorium on Green Street was designed as the south cornerstone of Civic Plaza. It hosted the Emmy Awards ceremony for 20 years, from 1977 to 1997. American Idol films its Hollywood Week show there, and it was the venue for the Miss Teen USA 2007 pageant. Pasadena is also the setting for many television shows, including Family, Brothers and Sisters, Dog with a Blog and The Big Bang Theory. The ABC show Splash was filmed at the aquatics center.
In 1967 radio iconoclasts Tom and Raechel Donahue took over an aging studio in the basement of the Pasadena Presbyterian Church. They introduced Los Angeles to FM freeform radio as KPPC-FM at 106.7. It became the voice of the counterculture and the soundtrack of LA's hippie era. Early on-air personalities included Michael McKean, David Lander, Harry Shearer and Dr. Demento. The staff was fired en masse in 1971, and the station lost its distinctive personality. It later became KROQ-FM. Today the main station is KPCC at 89.3 FM, a public radio station that gives a large share of its air time to local and state news.
The city's songs are often jokes. In the 1960s, Jan and Dean sang "The Little Old Lady from Pasadena" about an elderly woman who drives a powerful Super Stock Dodge and is "the terror of Colorado Boulevard." The Dead Kennedys paid tribute with "Buzzbomb From Pasadena" on the album Give Me Convenience or Give Me Death. In 2007 the native Pasadena band Ozma reunited and made an album called Pasadena, with artwork shot at the Colorado Street Bridge. In 2002 David Ebershoff published a novel titled Pasadena, praised for recreating the city before World War II. The Pasadena Star-News, first published in 1884, is the city's largest and oldest newspaper.
Some of the loudest voices are not human. Pasadena has a large population of naturalized parrots, which the Parrot Project of Los Angeles says include at least six species. Some residents enjoy them as part of the city's character, while others consider them loud pests. A widely accepted story says they were freed from the large pet emporium at Simpson's Garden Town on East Colorado Boulevard, which burned down in 1959.
Updated
Common questions
Where is Pasadena, California located?
Pasadena is a city in Los Angeles County, California, about ten miles northeast of downtown Los Angeles. It is the most populous city and the primary cultural center of the San Gabriel Valley.
When was Pasadena, California incorporated?
Pasadena was incorporated on the 19th of June 1886-36 years after the city of Los Angeles. It grew out of the Indiana Colony, which was incorporated on the 31st of January 1874.
What does the name Pasadena mean?
Pasadena means "valley" in the language of the Ojibwe, a Native American tribe not local to the region. Colonists from Indiana chose the name.
What is the Tournament of Roses Parade in Pasadena?
The Tournament of Roses Parade is held in Pasadena each New Year's Day, or on the 2nd of January if the 1st falls on a Sunday. The first parade took place in 1890, and the Tournament of Roses Association took charge of it in 1895. Floats must be covered entirely in flowers or other natural materials.
Why is the Rose Bowl in Pasadena famous?
The Rose Bowl hosts the first and most famous college football postseason bowl game on New Year's Day. The Tournament of Roses added a football game in 1902, and the new stadium hosted its first New Year's Day game in 1923. The game is known as "The Grandaddy of Them All."
What scientific institutions are based in Pasadena, California?
Pasadena is home to the California Institute of Technology and NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory, which Caltech manages. As of 2022, Caltech's 46 Nobel Laureates have brought 47 Nobel Prizes to the city.
What happened to Pasadena in the Eaton Fire?
In January 2025, portions of Pasadena were destroyed in the Eaton Fire. Santa Ana winds regularly raise the wildfire threat in the city.
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