Oracle Corporation
Oracle Corporation may owe its name to a coin toss. According to executive Mike Humphries, co-founder Bob Miner once told him that the young company had two offers on the table. One was a database project for the Central Intelligence Agency, which carried the code name Oracle. The other was a job writing a compiler for the PDP-4. The founders flipped a coin, and the agency became the company's first customer. The firm later got permission to reuse that code name for its own product.
By 2025, the company that coin toss produced ranked 66th on the Forbes Global 2000, and it sat among the 20 largest companies in the world by market value. It sells database software, business applications, cloud infrastructure and hardware. Its customers run payrolls, hospital records and supply chains on its code.
That rise raises some odd questions. How does a consulting outfit build an empire from someone else's research paper? Why would a company with the best-selling database in its field hire private investigators, sue its rivals, and take a government to court over a broken website? And what happens when a firm founded on the idea of tidy tables becomes a landlord of the data centers behind artificial intelligence?
Edgar F. Codd's 1970 paper, titled "A Relational Model of Data for Large Shared Data Banks," became the intellectual seed of the whole enterprise. Larry Ellison, Bob Miner and Ed Oates started in Santa Clara, California, as consultants under the name Software Development Laboratories. Their background in large-scale memory came from a project for the firm Ampex. Ellison read Codd's ideas and saw a product.
An article in an IBM research journal, handed to Ellison by Oates, introduced him to IBM's System R database. Ellison wanted Oracle's product to work smoothly with System R. He failed, because IBM kept the error codes for its database system secret.
The company renamed itself Relational Software, Inc in 1979. In 1983 it became Oracle Systems Corporation, so that its name matched its flagship database. In 1995 it shortened again to Oracle Corporation.
Inside the firm, jobs were handed out with blunt honesty. Miner took the role of senior programmer, and Oates worked in development. The three founders agreed that Ellison was the weakest programmer among them, so he became the salesman. That turned out to suit him. Because he understood both the customers and the technology, he built his own database tables to show buyers what SQL could do.
The early team grew around that pairing of code and pitch. Bruce Scott, employee number 4, co-authored and co-architected the database up to its third version before leaving in 1982. Umang Gupta, who served as a vice president from 1981 to 1984, wrote the company's first business plan.
By February 1983, a trade newsletter called the Rosen Electronics Letter was calling Oracle the most comprehensive database offering it had seen. The newsletter predicted revenue of about $8 million for fiscal 1983, and said that figure would double the following year. On the 12th of March 1986, the company held its initial public offering.
The growth carried a hidden cost. In 1990, Oracle laid off 10% of its workforce, about 400 people, after accounting errors came to light. The cause was an up-front sales strategy that pushed customers to buy the largest possible amount of software at once. Salespeople then booked the value of future license sales in the current quarter, which raised their bonuses. When those future sales failed to appear, the books no longer matched reality.
Oracle had to restate its earnings twice, and it settled class-action lawsuits out of court over the overstated numbers. In 1992, Ellison called the episode "an incredible business mistake." Humphries traced the roots further back. He blamed technical problems that helped rivals, plus sales tactics such as side letters, all driven by a longstanding goal of doubling revenue every year.
Ellison responded by hiring new executives, including Jeff Henley and Raymond J. Lane. Jerry Held later said the aim was to "bring in adults." Ken Jacobs described the period as a "near death experience," and the company needed an investment from a Japanese steel company to meet payroll. Henley, who became chief financial officer in 1991, would stay in the company's top ranks for decades, serving as chairman from 2004 to 2014.
Bob MacDonald of Informix Software called Oracle "the evil empire," and Humphries said his own colleagues saw themselves as "the Klingons of" the Bay Area. The rivalry was personal because the industry was tiny. Relational database firms sat near each other around San Francisco, and their experts attended the same universities. They sat on the same standards committees, where Jim Gray acted as a neutral arbiter while companies pushed competing proposals. Engineers socialized together even as sales and marketing staff fought and moved between firms.
Jerry Held summed up the Oracle philosophy this way: "it's not good enough for Oracle to win. It was important for somebody else to lose." Ingres was the first major target. Oracle's habit was to concentrate on one opponent at a time, and to praise other rivals in public to take the pressure off. That worked, but Held admitted it caused the company to neglect Sybase as a threat until Sybase stumbled.
IBM's endorsement of SQL in its Db2 product in the early 1980s helped Oracle enormously. It forced rivals such as Ingres and Informix Corporation to adopt SQL to keep up. Oracle advertised "total IBM SQL compatibility" while pointing out that IBM's own software ran "only on IBM mainframes." By the mid-1980s it was calling its database "the last DBMS."
The advertising itself became legend. Competitors' brochures talked about technical features, but one Oracle advertisement showed an Oracle jet fighter shooting down biplanes labeled Ashton-Tate and Borland. Another ad quoted Microsoft's Bill Gates, Sun's Scott McNealy, Hewlett-Packard's John A. Young and Apple Computer's John Sculley as agreeing with Ellison on Oracle's database breakthroughs. Stu Schuster of Sybase admitted, "Larry taught us a lot about marketing." Larry Rowe of Ingres complained that any strategy was useless because Ellison would repeat it two days later with a bigger budget.
Jacobs offered a very different view. He argued that Ellison never saw marketing as the heart of the business, and he quoted Ellison's favorite challenge: "If you're not building the product and you're not selling it, tell me what it is you do."
The "benchmark wars" began in the early 1980s. Roger Sippl of Informix said his product beat Oracle on 27 of 30 benchmarks, yet ads headlined "Oracle wins again!" appeared, citing only the three tests Oracle had won. Ellison was also alleged to have phoned Dave DeWitt at the University of Wisconsin, threatening to get the professor fired after DeWitt produced a benchmark that did not favor Oracle. Even IBM joined what insiders called the billboard wars.
The numbers show who was winning. By 1995, Oracle held 44% of a $2.4 billion relational database market, with Sybase at 17% and Informix at 16%. In 1996, Informix bought Illustra and became Oracle's most important rival. The feud between Informix chief executive Phil White and Ellison made front-page news in Silicon Valley for three years.
Informix claimed Oracle had hired away its engineers to learn trade secrets about an upcoming product, and it dropped that lawsuit in 1997. Held remembered a campaign called "Where in the world is Phil White," in which a top Oracle salesperson followed White into accounts to block him. Within about a year, Held said, Informix was finished as a threat. A book published in November 2005, The Real Story of Informix Software and Phil White, tells how White's obsession with overtaking Ellison landed him in jail.
IBM bought Informix in 2001. In 2004, Oracle's sales grew 14.5% to $6.2 billion, which gave it 41.3% of the relational database market, the top share.
Oracle Financials, released in 1989, was the first step in a business many inside the company never wanted. Oracle began selling enterprise software on top of its database in the late 1980s, starting with financial software and then manufacturing. The first several versions were weak. They also competed with the independent software vendors and resellers who were Oracle's partners. Applications never made a profit for Oracle until after 2000.
Ken Jacobs later explained why the company kept going. Applications gave Oracle a full, credible stack of products. That let its salespeople pitch to the boardroom, and it let large customers see Oracle as a strategic partner instead of just a technology supplier.
The strategy turned into a shopping spree. Oracle bought PeopleSoft in 2005, in what was only the second hostile takeover in the history of software. Siebel Systems followed in 2006, and BEA Systems in 2008. Together with JD Edwards and Hyperion, these purchases helped Oracle compete with Germany's SAP, and by the mid-2000s it was the largest enterprise software vendor in the world. In 2010, it launched Fusion Applications to merge the features of PeopleSoft, Siebel and JD Edwards into a single suite.
In January 2010, Oracle completed its purchase of Sun Microsystems, valued at more than $7 billion. The deal turned Oracle from a software company into a maker of both software and hardware. The European Commission delayed approval for several months over concerns about MySQL, but approved the deal without conditions in the end. In September 2011, leaked U.S. State Department cables published by WikiLeaks showed that one cable described American pressure on the European Union to allow the acquisition.
Free software users had watched the deal nervously, fearing Oracle would end Sun's support for open projects. Oracle did discontinue OpenSolaris and StarOffice, and it later sued Google over Java.
On the 20th of December 2021, Oracle announced it would buy Cerner Corporation for about $28.3 billion in cash. Cerner, headquartered in Kansas City, Missouri, was the largest international supplier of health information technology, including electronic health records. The deal closed in 2022 and became Oracle's largest acquisition, and one of the largest in corporate history. In September 2024, Oracle announced a generative AI tool called the Oracle Clinical Digital Assistant, which writes consultation documentation and proposes orders.
Smaller purchases kept arriving along the way, including Dyn in 2016 and GloriaFood in 2021.
In 1988, Oracle and SAP began a cooperation that lasted about a decade, starting when SAP's R/3 enterprise application suite was integrated with Oracle's relational database. Oracle says most SAP customers use Oracle databases. The partnership held even as SAP grew closer to Microsoft products, including Microsoft SQL Server, a direct competitor to the Oracle Database.
The friendship cooled in 2004, when Oracle started its acquisition spree with PeopleSoft, Siebel Systems and Hyperion. SAP saw a chance to lure customers away from those acquired companies, and it offered special discounts on its own application licenses. Oracle answered with a pun on its middleware platform, Oracle Fusion for SAP, and urged SAP customers to go "OFF SAP." It also discounted licenses and services for any SAP customer who switched.
The fight moved into court on the 22nd of March 2007. Oracle sued SAP over its subsidiary TomorrowNow, which sold discount support for older Oracle product lines. Oracle alleged that TomorrowNow used the accounts of former Oracle customers to systematically download patches and support documents from Oracle's website for SAP's benefit. Some analysts suggested the suit might also help Oracle reduce competition in third-party support.
On the 3rd of July 2007, SAP admitted that TomorrowNow employees had made "inappropriate downloads." SAP chief executive Henning Kagermann said, "Even a single inappropriate download is unacceptable from my perspective." SAP insisted that its own staff and customers never gained access to Oracle's intellectual property through the subsidiary.
On the 23rd of November 2010, a federal jury in Oakland, California, ordered SAP to pay Oracle $1.3 billion for copyright infringement, possibly the largest copyright damages ever. SAP admitted liability but estimated damages at no more than $40 million. Oracle put its own figure at least $1.65 billion.
On the 1st of September 2011, a federal judge overturned the verdict, calling the award "grossly" excessive, and offered a lower amount or a new trial. Oracle chose a new trial. On the 3rd of August 2012, the two sides agreed on $306 million in damages, in order to save the time and expense of retrying the case. SAP had already paid $120 million toward Oracle's legal fees, and Oracle kept the option of asking an appeals court to reinstate the original jury award.
A reported $1,200 offer to a janitor at the Association for Competitive Technology gave the 2000 episode known as Trashgate its name. Oracle had hired private investigators to find unfavorable information about groups sympathetic to rival Microsoft. The investigation reportedly included an offer to janitors to look through trash. Ellison defended the work as a "public service."
In 2002, Oracle began marketing its database with the slogan "Can't break it, can't break in," also written as "Unbreakable." Two weeks later, David Litchfield, Alexander Kornbrust, Cesar Cerrudo and others demonstrated a suite of successful attacks on Oracle products. Chief security officer Mary Ann Davidson said the slogan was never a literal claim of impregnability. She pointed instead to fourteen independent security evaluations that the database server had passed.
In 2004, then-Attorney General John Ashcroft sued Oracle to stop it from winning a multibillion-dollar intelligence contract. After leaving government, Ashcroft founded a lobbying firm, The Ashcroft Group, which Oracle hired in 2005. With the group's help, Oracle went on to win the contract.
On the 1st of October 2013, the Cover Oregon healthcare exchange website, built by Oracle for the State of Oregon, tried to go live and failed. Registrations had to be taken on paper until the site was fixed. In August 2014, Oracle sued Cover Oregon for breach of contract, and the state sued Oracle for breach of contract, fraud, filing false claims and racketeering. In September 2016, the two sides settled for over $100 million to the state, plus a six-year agreement for Oracle to continue modernizing state software.
Oracle gained ownership of the Java programming language through the Sun deal. When talks to license Java to Google for Android phones failed, Google built its own platform based on Java, containing 37 copied Java packages. Oracle, as plaintiff, took the matter to court.
On the 15th of June 2011, HP filed a lawsuit alleging Oracle had breached an agreement to support the Itanium microprocessor used in HP's high-end servers. Oracle called it an abuse of the judicial process. HP was awarded $3 billion in damages against Oracle in 2016.
Other cases piled up. In August 2022, the law firm Lieff Cabraser filed a class action accusing Oracle of running a surveillance operation that tracked personal data in real time, and it settled in July 2024 for $115 million. Between 2011 and 2024, Oracle was investigated over bribery in subsidiaries in South Africa, India, Turkey and the United Arab Emirates, and it settled each case with the Securities and Exchange Commission. On the 20th of April 2012, the General Services Administration banned Oracle from its most popular bidding portal, which Oracle had used for about four hundred million dollars a year in revenue.
In 2019, Oracle announced a partnership with a former rival, Microsoft, to take on Amazon Web Services. The alliance connected Oracle Cloud directly to Microsoft Azure so customers could store data on both and run software on either. In 2023, the two companies expanded the deal to put Oracle database services on Oracle Cloud Infrastructure inside Azure. A year later, Oracle announced similar partnerships with Amazon Web Services and Google Cloud, so its database ran on all four major hyperscalers.
Oracle's generative AI service runs on Oracle Cloud Infrastructure and has used large language models from Cohere as of 2023, Meta's Llama as of 2024 and xAI's Grok 3 as of 2025. In April 2025, Oracle added HeatWave GenAI to its database. Oracle also said it would offer cloud services built on Advanced Micro Devices' upcoming MI450 chips.
In January 2025, President Donald Trump announced Stargate, a joint venture of Oracle, OpenAI, SoftBank and the investment firm MGX. The plan was to invest $500 billion over four years in AI infrastructure in the United States. In September 2025, Oracle and OpenAI signed a $300 billion contract for 4.5 gigawatts of power capacity over five years.
The numbers began to reflect the shift. For the second quarter of fiscal year 2026, which ended in November 2025, Oracle reported total revenue of $14.1 billion. Cloud infrastructure revenue grew 68% from a year earlier to $4.1 billion, and remaining performance obligations reached $130 billion.
Spending crossed borders as well. In February 2023, Oracle announced $1.5 billion for Saudi Arabia, including a data center in Riyadh. In June 2024, it announced $1 billion in Spain for a new cloud region in Madrid with Telefónica. The same year it pledged $8 billion for Japan and $6.5 billion for Malaysia. In 2025 came further commitments in the United Kingdom, Germany and the Netherlands, with sums of $5 billion and $3 billion attached.
On the 13th of September 2020, Bloomberg News reported that Oracle had won a bidding war to take over TikTok's U.S. operations. In January 2026, TikTok said it had finalized a new ownership deal in which Oracle, MGX and Silver Lake each held 15%, while ByteDance kept 19.9%. By March 2026, Oracle's stake was estimated at about $2 billion.
In September 2025, Oracle promoted Clay Magouyrk and Mike Sicilia to co-CEOs, replacing Safra Catz, who had held the top job for 11 years and became executive vice chair. Ellison, who had been CEO from 1977 to 2014, remained chairman and chief technology officer. In March 2026, Oracle signed a ratepayer protection pledge to build or buy the energy its data centers need. In April 2026, employees reported that nearly 12,000 staff in India had been laid off, and another round was believed to be coming within a month.
In 1989, Oracle moved its world headquarters to the Redwood Shores neighborhood of Redwood City, California, though the campus was not finished until 1995. The site was the former home of Marine World/Africa USA, which had moved to Vallejo in 1986. Oracle first leased two buildings on Oracle Parkway, shifting its finance and administration staff from Davis Drive in Belmont. It later bought the complex and built four more buildings.
The campus drew attention beyond tech circles. Its distinctive buildings earned the nickname Emerald City, and they appeared as the futuristic headquarters of the fictional NorthAm Robotics in the 1999 Robin Williams film Bicentennial Man. In the 2015 movie Terminator Genisys, they stood in for Cyberdyne Systems.
Inside, hiring was relentless. Humphries joked that the company recruited so many graduates from top universities that it resembled "Cargill buying crops." Some new employees worked as receptionists or handed out coffee until better positions opened up.
In 2018, Oracle opened a new office in southeast Austin, Texas, and in December 2020 it announced the world headquarters would move there from Redwood Shores. In April 2024, it announced plans for its largest office hub in Nashville, Tennessee, with 8,500 jobs and no timeframe given.
Oracle's name also traveled through sports. In 1994 and 1995, it sponsored the Benetton Formula team. From 2001 to 2021, it sponsored Sean Tucker's stunt biplane, which flew at air shows across the United States. In October 2006, the Golden State Warriors agreed to a 10-year deal that made the Oakland Arena the Oracle Arena, which ended after the 2018-2019 NBA season. In January 2019, the San Francisco Giants signed a 20-year deal to rename their stadium Oracle Park.
Ellison's sailing team competes as Oracle Team USA. It won the America's Cup in 2010, under the name BMW Oracle Racing, and again in 2013, despite being penalized for cheating. From the 2022 Formula One season, Oracle signed a five-year, $500 million deal to be title sponsor of Red Bull Racing, after sponsoring the team starting in 2021.
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Common questions
How did Oracle get its name?
The name came from the code name of a 1977 project for the Central Intelligence Agency, which was the company's first customer. The company received permission to use that code name for its database product. It renamed itself Oracle Systems Corporation in 1983 and Oracle Corporation in 1995.
Who founded Oracle?
Larry Ellison, Bob Miner and Ed Oates co-founded the company in Santa Clara, California, in 1977 as Software Development Laboratories. The three agreed Ellison was the weakest programmer, so he became the salesman.
What inspired Oracle's database?
Ellison drew on Edgar F. Codd's 1970 paper on relational databases. He also learned about IBM's System R database from an article in an IBM research journal, though he could not make Oracle's product compatible with it because IBM kept its error codes secret.
Why did Oracle lay off about 400 people in 1990?
Accounting errors followed an up-front sales strategy in which salespeople booked future license sales in the current quarter. When those sales did not materialize, Oracle restated its earnings twice and settled class-action lawsuits out of court.
What was the Oracle and SAP lawsuit about?
Oracle sued SAP in 2007 over its subsidiary TomorrowNow, alleging it improperly downloaded Oracle support materials. A jury awarded $1.3 billion in 2010, a judge overturned that award in 2011, and the sides agreed on $306 million in 2012.
What was Oracle's largest acquisition?
Cerner, a health information technology company, which Oracle agreed to buy in December 2021 for about $28.3 billion in cash. The deal closed in 2022.
Where is Oracle headquartered now?
Oracle's world headquarters are in Austin, Texas, after a move announced in December 2020 from Redwood Shores, California. In April 2024 it announced plans for a large office hub in Nashville, Tennessee.
All sources
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- 172NewsOracle fires back at HP in Itanium suit, doesn't mince wordsAugust 30, 2011
- 173NewsHP wins judgment in Itanium suit against OracleSean Gallagher — August 1, 2012
- 174MagazineHP Wins Big Victory Over Oracle in Battle of the ItaniumRobert McMillan — August 1, 2012
- 175NewsHP awarded $3B in damages from Oracle over Itanium database cancelationPeter Bright — June 30, 2016
- 176NewsOracle loses bid to upend HP's $3 billion winBlake Brittain — June 15, 2021
- 177Oracle really does owe HPE $3b after Supreme Court snubKatyanna Quach — May 17, 2022
- 178Feds Banish Oracle From Popular Contract VehicleJ. Nicholas Hoover — April 20, 2012
- 179NewsOracle to Pay $199.5 Million to Settle Overbilling ChargesOctober 7, 2011
- 180Press releaseMergers: Commission clears Oracle's proposed acquisition of Sun MicrosystemsEuropean Commission — January 21, 2010
- 181U.S. Pressured EU to Approve the Oracle's Acquisition of SunJason Mick — September 1, 2011
- 182NewsOracle Growth Plans Worry Rivals and CustomersAshlee Vance — September 21, 2010
- 183Save MySQL!Monty Widenius
- 184Oracle buys Sun: understanding the impact on open sourceRyan Paul — April 20, 2009
- 185Open source boss quits OracleKelly Fiveash — March 9, 2010
- 186Oracle's Java lawsuit undermines its open source credibilityRyan Paul — August 14, 2010
- 187NewsOracle files suit over Android's use of JavaSeth Weintraub — CNN — August 12, 2010
- 188Oracle Buys CernerDecember 20, 2021
- 189NewsOracle closes $23B deal to buy EHR giant CernerHeather Landi — June 7, 2022
- 191It's been 20 years since Oracle bought two software rivals, changing the market foreverLindsay Clark — January 2, 2025
- 192Oracle completes Siebel acquisitionMichael Paige — February 1, 2006
- 193NewsBEA Waited And ReapedWendy Tanaka
- 194NewsWhy Oracle Just Bought the Company That Brought Down the InternetKlint Finley
- 195Oracle acquires DataFox, a developer of 'predictive intelligence as a service' across millions of company recordsIngrid Lunden — October 23, 2018
- 196NewsOracle Buys Datascience to Boost Big-Data Analytics OfferingsTomi Kilgore — May 16, 2018
- 197Oracle Acquires Tel Aviv-Based User Training Startup IridizeTofi Stoler — September 18, 2025
- 199Oracle acquires GloriaFood to expand cloud POS platform appsJuly 8, 2021
- 200Oracle buys SuiteApp Time Management vendorSteve Brooks — May 9, 2022
- 201Oracle Corporation completed the acquisition of FOEX GmbH. MarketScreenerS&P Capital IQ — November 8, 2022
- 202NewsCybersecurity firms brace for impact of potential Oracle Cloud breachDavid Jones — March 28, 2025
- 203Oracle Denies Cloud Breach After Hacker Offers to Sell DataEduard Kovacs — March 24, 2025
- 204NewsOracle Health sued over alleged data breach affecting US hospitalsNaomi Diaz — April 14, 2025
- 206NewsCISA warns companies to secure credentials amid Oracle Cloud breach claimsDavid Jones — April 17, 2025
- 207Oracle Wins Deal for TikTok's U.S. OperationsShelly Banjo et al. — September 13, 2020
- 208NewsTrump says he has approved a deal for purchase of TikTokBrian Fung — September 19, 2020
- 209Oracle, Silver Lake and MGX will be main investors in TikTok U.S., sources sayAri Levy — September 25, 2025
- 210NewsTrump Delays TikTok Ban Again as a Deal Takes ShapeLauren Hirschemmett Lindner et al. — September 16, 2025
- 211NewsTrump team says TikTok deal nears, with Oracle, Silver Lake among investorsJeff Mason et al. — September 22, 2025
- 214Oracle is moving its world headquarters to Nashville to be closer to health-care industryAshley Capoot — April 23, 2024
- 216NewsWhen it comes to plans, it's Oracle vs OracleLaura Rich — CNNMoney.com — July 23, 2010
- 217Trivia for Bicentennial ManInternet Movie Database
- 218Trivia for Terminator GenisysInternet Movie Database
- 219NewsInside Oracle's Acquisition MachineCyrus Sanati — August 16, 2016
- 220NewsSmithsonian Air and Space Museum lands famed aerobatic planeMay 10, 2021
- 221NewsGolden State Warriors, Oracle Reach Arena Naming Rights AgreementNBA Media Ventures, LLC — October 20, 2006
- 222NewsWith Warriors gone, the new name of Oracle Arena in Oakland is…Jim Harrington — September 3, 2019
- 223Giants' home has been renamed Oracle ParkJanuary 10, 2019
- 224Ellison's team wins long-sought sailing trophyStephen Shankland — February 16, 2010
- 225Oracle Team USA stages massive comeback to win 34th America's CupAmerica's Cup — September 25, 2013
- 226Oracle hit with stiff penaltySeptember 3, 2009
- 227Did Larry Ellison cheat in the America's Cup?CNBC — August 26, 2013
- 228Red Bull F1 clinches new $500M title sponsorship with OracleFebruary 9, 2022
- 229JournalThe Oracle Story: 1984–2001Andrew Mendelsohn — April–June 2013