When did Jean-Paul Sartre publish Being and Nothingness?
Jean-Paul Sartre published Being and Nothingness in 1943. This work described how the act of looking creates a shift in power where the person being looked at feels like an object.
Jean-Paul Sartre published Being and Nothingness in 1943. This work described how the act of looking creates a shift in power where the person being looked at feels like an object.
Jacques Lacan called the mirror stage the moment when a child sees their reflection and forms an image of who they are. He later shifted his focus to argue that objects can look back at us and induce self-awareness.
John Berger aired the series Ways of Seeing in January 1972. These broadcasts analyzed the treatment of the nude in European painting and asserted that men are watchers while women are looked at.
Barbara Fredrickson and Tomi-Ann Roberts proposed objectification theory in 1997. Their framework describes being treated as a body valued for use or consumption and occurring in interpersonal encounters and visual media.
Bell hooks published The Oppositional Gaze: Black Female Spectatorship in 1992. She countered Laura Mulvey's notion of the male gaze directly by opening oppositionality as a key paradigm for feminist analysis.