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— CH. 1 · INTRODUCTION —

Aaliyah

~15 min read · Ch. 1 of 8
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  • Aaliyah Dana Haughton was 22 years old when a twin-engine Cessna 402 lifted off a runway in the Bahamas on the evening of the 25th of August 2001, and then plunged nose-down into a marsh about 200 feet from the end of the strip. She had just finished filming the video for "Rock the Boat" and was eager to get home early. She did not make it. The pilot, Luis Morales III, had cocaine and alcohol in his system and was not qualified to fly the aircraft. The plane was carrying more than 900 pounds beyond its certified weight limit. Nine people died.

    By the time of that crash, Aaliyah had already released three studio albums, starred in two films, and been credited with helping reshape the sound of contemporary R&B. She had grown up on stage, signed her first record deal at twelve, survived a deeply damaging relationship with an older man she worked with, rebuilt her career with a new label and new collaborators, and earned the kind of critical respect that most artists spend decades chasing. She was just getting started.

    How did a girl from Detroit become, in the words of one New York Times critic, "a digital diva who wove a spell with ones and zeroes"? What was the sound she and her collaborators invented, and why did it matter so much? And what happened in those final hours in the Bahamas, and in the years since, as her music refuses to stay still? Those are the questions this documentary will answer.

  • Aaliyah's name comes from the feminine form of the Arabic word "Ali", meaning "highest, most exalted one, the best." She was born on the 16th of January 1979, in Brooklyn, New York, to Diane and Michael "Miguel" Haughton. When she was five, the family moved to Detroit, Michigan, where she was raised alongside her older brother, Rashad.

    Music was the family's native language. Her mother was a vocalist who enrolled Aaliyah in voice lessons at an early age. Her uncle, Barry Hankerson, was an entertainment lawyer who had been married to Gladys Knight. As a child, Aaliyah traveled with Knight, worked with a New York agent to audition for commercials and television programs, and performed at weddings, church choir events, and charity concerts. In 1989, at age ten, she appeared on Star Search and sang "My Funny Valentine".

    At age eleven she appeared in concerts alongside Gladys Knight. At one such concert, rapper Tupac Shakur was in the audience and reportedly wanted to sign her to a record deal. She also auditioned for the television show Family Matters but failed to land a role. Aaliyah kept going, continuing her acting work through her school's theater program, the Gesu Players. In first grade at Gesu Elementary, a Catholic school, she had been cast in the stage play Annie, and she later told interviewers it was that production that first inspired her to pursue entertainment as a career.

    She was teased for her short stature in school, but by age fifteen she had come to love it. Her own words on the subject are direct: "You always have to deal with people who are jealous, but there were so few it didn't even matter. The majority of kids supported me, which was wonderful." During her audition for the Detroit High School for the Fine and Performing Arts, she sang "Ave Maria" in Latin. She graduated with a 4.0 grade-point average and was vocal about not wanting young fans to think education was optional: "I wanted to keep that 4.0. Being in the industry, you know, I don't want kids to think, 'I can just sing and forget about school.'"

  • After Hankerson signed a distribution deal with Jive Records, he brought twelve-year-old Aaliyah onto his Blackground Records label. He then introduced her to recording artist and producer R. Kelly, who became her mentor and the lead songwriter and producer of her debut album, recorded when she was fourteen.

    Age Ain't Nothing but a Number was released on the 24th of May 1994, debuting at number 24 on the Billboard 200 and selling 38,000 copies in its first week. It would eventually sell over three million copies in the United States and earn a double-Platinum certification from the RIAA. Her debut single, "Back & Forth", peaked at number five on the Billboard Hot 100 and topped the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart for three weeks. Critics at the time praised what one writer for Time magazine, Christopher John Farley, called "a beautifully restrained work", noting that her "girlish, breathy vocals rode calmly on R. Kelly's rough beats."

    Behind the scenes, something else was happening. A marriage certificate later revealed by Vibe magazine listed Aaliyah and Kelly as having married on the 31st of August 1994, at the Sheraton Gateway Suites in Rosemont, Illinois. Aaliyah, then fifteen, was listed as eighteen on the certificate. Kelly was twenty-seven. The marriage was annulled by her parents in February 1995. Both parties denied the certificate was genuine, calling it a forgery.

    Accounts that emerged years later told a more disturbing story. In his 2011 book, Kelly's former tour manager Demetrius Smith Sr. wrote that Kelly married Aaliyah after she told him she was pregnant and that Smith himself helped Aaliyah forge documents showing she was of legal age. Smith said he was "not proud" of his role. In the 2019 documentary Surviving R. Kelly, additional witnesses described what they claimed to have seen.

    Aaliyah cut off all professional and personal contact with Kelly after the annulment. She refused to speak his name publicly. When journalist Damon Dash later tried to bring up the subject with her in private, she would only say Kelly was a "bad man." On the 27th of September 2021, a federal jury found Kelly guilty of nine counts including racketeering, sexual exploitation of a child, and sex trafficking. On the 29th of June 2022, he was sentenced to thirty years in prison. Aaliyah's illegal marriage to him was heavily featured in the court case. Her mother, Diane Haughton, reflected that everything "that went wrong in her life" began with her relationship with Kelly.

  • After severing ties with Jive Records, Aaliyah signed with Atlantic Records and began working with a pair of producers who were, at that point, still at the beginning of their own careers: Timbaland and Missy Elliott. Missy Elliott later recalled that she and Timbaland were nervous to work with Aaliyah, given that Aaliyah had already released a successful album while the two of them were just starting out. Elliott admitted she had feared Aaliyah would be difficult, but said Aaliyah "came in and was so warming; she made us immediately feel like family."

    The album they made together, One in a Million, released in 1996, sold three million copies in the United States and more than eight million worldwide. Its lead single, "If Your Girl Only Knew", peaked at number eleven on the Billboard Hot 100 and topped the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart for two weeks. The album itself peaked at number eighteen on the Billboard 200 and earned a double-Platinum RIAA certification on the 16th of June 1997.

    What Timbaland and Missy Elliott brought to Aaliyah's sound was something critics struggled at first to categorize. They mixed what one account described as "choppy, nervous rhythms over loops of computer-generated backing tracks" and created a "freeze-and-stop style of singing on top of bass-heavy instrumentals" that became Aaliyah's signature. Critic Kelefah Sanneh of The New York Times later put it plainly: Timbaland's "computer-programmed beats fitted perfectly with her cool, breathy voice to create a new kind of electronic music."

    The year after the album's release, Aaliyah graduated from the Detroit High School for the Fine and Performing Arts with a 4.0 GPA, majoring in drama. She also became a spokesperson for the Tommy Hilfiger Corporation that year. During the campaign, the company sold over 2,400 pairs of the red, white, and blue baggy jeans she wore in their advertisements. In 1997 she also performed a cover version of "Journey to the Past" at the Academy Awards ceremony, becoming the youngest singer ever to perform at the event. The song earned its songwriters Lynn Ahrens and Stephen Flaherty a nomination for the Academy Award for Best Original Song.

  • In 1999, Aaliyah landed her first big-screen acting role in Romeo Must Die, starring opposite martial artist Jet Li. Released on the 24th of March 2000, the film grossed US$18.6 million in its opening weekend, ranking number two at the box office. She served as an executive producer of its soundtrack and contributed four songs. One of those songs, "Try Again", became the first song to top the Billboard Hot 100 solely on the basis of airplay, without commercial retail sales counting toward its chart position. The achievement led to the song being released on vinyl.

    "Try Again" won the Best Female Video and Best Video from a Film awards at the 2000 MTV Video Music Awards and earned Aaliyah a Grammy Award nomination for Best Female R&B Vocalist. The soundtrack itself sold 1.5 million copies in the United States.

    Some critics noted there was limited chemistry between Aaliyah and Jet Li on screen. Elvis Mitchell of The New York Times wrote that while Aaliyah was "a natural" and the film was conceived as a spotlight for both her and Li, "they have so little chemistry together you'd think they're putting out a fire instead of shooting off sparks." Aaliyah, for her part, deliberately avoided reading reviews.

    Her work on the Romeo Must Die soundtrack delayed her third album, which she had hoped to deliver sooner after One in a Million. She explained: "I wanted to take a break after One in a Million to just relax, think about how I wanted to approach the next album. Then, when I was ready to start back up, 'Romeo' happened, and so I had to take another break and do that film and then do the soundtrack, then promote it. The break turned into a longer break than I anticipated." She ended up filming Queen of the Damned and recording her third album simultaneously so both could be released in 2001. Her third album, Aaliyah, debuted at number two on the Billboard 200 on the 17th of July 2001, selling 187,000 copies in its first week. It topped the chart the week after her death.

  • Aaliyah had the vocal range of a soprano, though her signature approach was almost the opposite of what that label implies. Her own description was precise: "My signature style is breathy, tone-y, airy. It's simple but I can ride a crazy track." She did not rely on the kind of vocal acrobatics that defined many of her contemporaries. As critic Sian Pattenden of Mixmag observed, "She doesn't try to toss the caber with vocal athleticism. There's no shouting, screeching, wailing or jazz-style noodling. Everything is underplayed."

    Producer Daryl Simmons recalled Aaliyah doing opera vocal warm-up exercises before recording "The One I Gave My Heart To" in 1997. Simmons said it "was the furthest thing I would have ever thought that she could do. It just blew my mind." Songwriter Diane Warren, who wrote the song, was less surprised: "It showed her vocal range, and I know a couple of people thought she wouldn't be able to do that song. I thought, 'No, she'll be able to do that.'" Rolling Stone noted that "the most remarkable thing about Aaliyah's voice, besides its flexibility and crisp range, was its almost preternatural poise - she always seemed to be holding her power in reserve."

    Aaliyah rarely wrote her own lyrics; she was trained as an interpreter rather than a composer. The one co-writing credit she carried was on "Death of a Playa", a track she wrote with her brother Rashad Haughton from the 1997 "Hot Like Fire" single, described as reflecting her "dark perspective on romance." She was explicit about her philosophy: "I like to have the final say but I was trained as a singer, actress and dancer, the interpreter, bringing other people's words to life. I need the songs to reflect me in one way or another."

    As her career progressed, her musical range widened across R&B, pop, hip hop, funk, soul, and dance-pop. She called her sound in 2001 "street but sweet." In The New Rolling Stone Album Guide, published in 2004, critic Keith Harris placed her lyrical stance somewhere between En Vogue's defiance and a more openly sensual register. AllMusic's Stephen Thomas Erlewine called her third album "a statement of maturity and a stunning artistic leap forward" and placed it among the strongest urban soul records of its time.

  • At 6:50 pm on the 25th of August 2001, Aaliyah and members of her record company boarded a twin-engine Cessna 402 at the Marsh Harbour Airport in the Abaco Islands, the Bahamas. They had originally arrived on a larger Cessna 404 but were switching to the smaller plane to leave early after completing filming. Another charter pilot present at the airport, Lewis Key, said he overheard Aaliyah's group arguing with their pilot, Luis Morales III, before takeoff. According to Key, Morales warned them the plane was overloaded but the passengers insisted they had chartered the aircraft and needed to leave. Key said Morales gave in and also had trouble starting one of the engines.

    The plane crashed and caught fire shortly after takeoff, about 200 feet from the end of the runway. All nine people on board died: Aaliyah, Morales, hair stylist Eric Forman, Anthony Dodd, security guard Scott Gallin, family friend Keith Wallace, make-up stylist Christopher Maldonado, and Blackground Records employees Douglas Kratz and Gina Smith. According to the Bahamian coroner, Aaliyah suffered severe burns, a blow to the head, severe shock, and a weak heart; the coroner theorized that even had she survived the crash, her recovery would have been nearly impossible.

    Subsequent investigation found the aircraft overloaded by more than 900 pounds and carrying one more passenger than it was certified for. The National Transportation Safety Board reported the plane lifted off and then went "nose down, impacting in a marsh on the south side of the departure end of runway 27." Morales, it was found, had falsely obtained his FAA license by claiming flight hours he had never logged. Toxicology tests revealed traces of cocaine and alcohol in his system. Aaliyah's family filed a wrongful death lawsuit against the aircraft's operator, which was settled out of court.

    Aaliyah's private funeral Mass was held on the 31st of August 2001, at the Church of St. Ignatius Loyola in Manhattan. An estimated 800 mourners attended. After the service, 22 white doves were released, one for each year of her life. Her brother Rashad delivered the eulogy, saying: "Aaliyah, you left, but I'll see you always next to me and I can see you smiling through the sunshine." As mourners left, they sang her song "One in a Million."

  • In the week after Aaliyah's death, her third album rose from number 19 to number 1 on the Billboard 200. Promotional posters in New York and Los Angeles became makeshift memorials. "Rock the Boat", released as a posthumous single, became the most viewed and highest rated episode in the history of BET's Access Granted. "More than a Woman" reached number one on the UK singles chart, making Aaliyah the first female deceased artist to reach the top of that chart. It was replaced by George Harrison's "My Sweet Lord", the only time in the chart's history when one dead artist replaced another at number one.

    The compilation album I Care 4 U, released in December 2002, debuted at number three on the Billboard 200, selling 280,000 copies in its first week. Its lead single, "Miss You", topped the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart for three weeks. A portion of the proceeds was donated to charities Aaliyah had supported, including programs at the Revlon UCLA Women's Cancer Research Program and Harlem's Sloan Kettering Cancer Center.

    Beyond sales, the critical case for her importance only grew stronger in the years that followed. Critic Simon Reynolds cited "Are You That Somebody?" as "the most radical pop single" of 1998. AllMusic's Steve Huey ranked her among the "elite" artists of the R&B genre for popularizing what he called "the stuttering, futuristic production style that consumed hip-hop and urban soul in the late 1990s." Billboard ranked her at number ten on its list of the most successful female R&B artists of the previous 25 years, and Rolling Stone placed her at number 40 on their 200 Best Singers of All Time list. In September 2023, she was inducted into the National Rhythm and Blues Hall of Fame.

    Her catalog remained caught in a dispute between her estate and Blackground Records for years. When the label finally reissued One in a Million in August 2021, it re-entered the Billboard 200 top ten for the first time, selling 26,000 album-equivalent units in a single week. On the 16th of January 2025, Mattel released an Aaliyah Barbie Doll modeled on her appearance in the "One in a Million" music video. A posthumous single, "Gone", released in May 2025 with former collaborator Tank, peaked at number one on the Adult R&B Airplay Chart. The album Unstoppable, announced by Barry Hankerson in August 2021, had not been released as of early 2025, with Blackground Records only hinting on social media that it was "coming."

Common questions

How did Aaliyah die and what caused the plane crash?

Aaliyah died on the 25th of August 2001, when a twin-engine Cessna 402 crashed shortly after takeoff from the Marsh Harbour Airport in the Abaco Islands, the Bahamas. The aircraft was overloaded by more than 900 pounds and carrying one more passenger than it was certified for. The pilot, Luis Morales III, was not qualified to fly the designated aircraft, had falsely obtained his FAA license, and had traces of cocaine and alcohol in his system.

What was Aaliyah's relationship with R. Kelly?

Aaliyah worked with R. Kelly as her mentor, lead songwriter, and producer on her 1994 debut album, recorded when she was fourteen. A marriage certificate later revealed by Vibe magazine showed the two had married on the 31st of August 1994, in Rosemont, Illinois, with Aaliyah listed as eighteen when she was actually fifteen. The marriage was annulled by her parents in February 1995. Aaliyah severed all professional and personal ties with Kelly after the annulment. Kelly was convicted on the 27th of September 2021, of nine federal criminal counts including racketeering and sex trafficking, and was sentenced to thirty years in prison on the 29th of June 2022.

What was Aaliyah's vocal style and how did critics describe it?

Aaliyah had the vocal range of a soprano but favored a soft, breathy, understated approach she described as "breathy, tone-y, airy." Rolling Stone noted that the most remarkable quality of her voice was "its almost preternatural poise - she always seemed to be holding her power in reserve." She worked with producer Timbaland, whose computer-programmed beats critic Kelefah Sanneh of The New York Times said "fitted perfectly with her cool, breathy voice to create a new kind of electronic music."

How many albums did Aaliyah sell in her career?

Aaliyah sold 8.1 million albums in the United States and an estimated 24 to 32 million albums worldwide across her career. Her 1994 debut Age Ain't Nothing but a Number sold over three million copies in the US. Her 1996 album One in a Million sold three million copies in the US and more than eight million worldwide.

What was special about Aaliyah's single "Try Again"?

"Try Again" was the first song to reach number one on the Billboard Hot 100 solely on the basis of airplay, without commercial retail sales factoring into its chart position. Released from the Romeo Must Die soundtrack in 2000, the song also won the Best Female Video and Best Video from a Film awards at the 2000 MTV Video Music Awards and earned Aaliyah a Grammy Award nomination for Best Female R&B Vocalist.

What films did Aaliyah appear in before her death?

Aaliyah starred in Romeo Must Die, released on the 24th of March 2000, opposite martial artist Jet Li, which grossed US$18.6 million in its opening weekend. She also filmed Queen of the Damned, in which she played the ancient vampire Queen Akasha; that film was released posthumously in February 2002 and grossed US$15.2 million in its first weekend, ranking number one at the box office. She had also filmed scenes for The Matrix Reloaded before her death, playing the character Zee.

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  129. 238magazineAaliyah Biopic Adds Missy Elliott and Timbaland Roles: ReportJocelyn Vena — August 9, 2014
  130. 240web'Aaliyah: The Princess of R&B': TV ReviewAllison Keene — November 15, 2014
  131. 241magazineLifetime's Aaliyah movie was a hit despite backlashJames Hibberd — November 17, 2014
  132. 242magazineHere's When 'Baby Girl: Better Known as Aaliyah' Book Will Be ReleasedCarl Lamarre — Billboard — October 23, 2020
  133. 244webHere Are All the Shout-Outs on Beyoncé's 'Break My Soul (The Queens Remix)'Michael Calcagno, Kyle Denis — Billboard.com — August 16, 2022
  134. 246magazine'Superstar: Aaliyah': How to Watch the ABC Tribute SpecialRylee Johnston — June 14, 2023
  135. 249magazineAsk Billboard: 'Titanic,' Mid-'90s Singers, Tori AmosKeith Caulfield — December 12, 2008
  136. 250bookSong of Brooklyn: An Oral History of America's Favorite BoroughMarc Eliot — Random House — 2008
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  141. 260bookThe New Rolling Stone Album Guide: Completely Revised and Updated 4th EditionNathan Brackett — Simon & Schuster — 2004
  142. 262webTop 25 DancersBET — February 1, 2008
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  144. 271magazineThe 200 Greatest Singers of All TimeJanuary 1, 2023
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