Short answers, pulled from the story.
Estimates place the death toll between 130,000 and 140,000. The International Center for Transitional Justice cites 140,000 deaths, while the Humanitarian Law Center estimates at least 130,000. Bosnia and Herzegovina suffered the heaviest toll, with between 97,207 and 102,622 killed, the majority of them Bosniak.
The Yugoslav Wars ran from 1991 to 2001. The first conflict, the Ten-Day War in Slovenia, began on the 26th of June 1991. The last conflict, the insurgency in the Republic of Macedonia, ended with the Ohrid Agreement in August 2001.
In July 1995, Bosnian Serb forces killed approximately 8,000 Bosniaks in the Srebrenica enclave, a crime the International Court of Justice confirmed as genocide. Radovan Karadžić was convicted for this genocide, and General Ratko Mladić was sentenced to life in prison on the 22nd of November 2017.
The International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia was a UN ad hoc court established in The Hague, Netherlands, to prosecute serious crimes committed during the Yugoslav Wars. By 2019 it had secured convictions for crimes against humanity, genocide in Bosnia, and multiple war crimes across Kosovo and Croatia, with notable verdicts against Radovan Karadžić, Ratko Mladić, and Radislav Krstić, among many others.
The wars in Croatia, Bosnia, and Kosovo produced approximately 2.4 million refugees and an additional 2 million internally displaced persons, making it one of the largest refugee crises in European history. The Kosovo War alone expelled 862,979 Albanian refugees, and by June 1999 almost 90 percent of all Albanians in Kosovo had been displaced.
Yugoslavia's breakup is attributed to rising nationalism and unresolved ethnic tensions, accelerated by economic hardship and the fall of communism across Eastern Europe in 1989. Slobodan Milošević channeled Serbian nationalism as a replacement for weakening communist ideology, used loyalists to dominate the federal presidency, and blocked reform at the 14th Extraordinary Congress of the League of Communists in January 1990, prompting Croatian and Slovene delegations to walk out. A 1994 UN report found that the Serb side aimed to create a Greater Serbia from parts of Croatia and Bosnia.