Short answers, pulled from the story.
The White movement was one of the main factions in the Russian Civil War of 1917-1922, consisting of right-wing and conservative officers of the Russian Empire, Cossacks, nobles, and anti-communist civilians who opposed the Bolshevik Red Army. It operated as a system of governments and military formations collectively known as the White Army or White Guard, unified in November 1918 under Admiral Alexander Kolchak as Supreme Ruler of Russia.
The Whites were defeated by the Red Army due to military and ideological disunity, including personal rivalries among commanders, the absence of a coherent political program, and failure to implement promised land reform. Their refusal to recognize the independence of non-Russian peoples also denied them reliable allies among major populations of the former empire.
Alexander Kolchak was an admiral who headed the eastern White Army in Siberia and served as the leader of a provisional Russian government. In November 1918 he was recognized as the Supreme Ruler of Russia and principal leader of the Whites, uniting the movement on an authoritarian-right platform. He was a proponent of Russian nationalism and militarism and opposed democracy as tied to pacifism and internationalism.
Antisemitism was a central element of White movement ideology. White generals spread propaganda blaming Jews for both the February and October revolutions, White Orthodox priests denounced Jews as Christ-killers, and the Volunteer Army's propaganda arm reissued The Protocols of the Elders of Zion. White officers praised and in some cases gave bonuses to soldiers who committed antisemitic crimes, and some commanders practiced a process called "filtering" in which Jewish prisoners of war were selected out and executed.
The Civil War was officially declared over in October 1922, when the Soviet Far Eastern Republic retook the territory after Japan withdrew its forces. The last military action by a White Army was Anatoly Pepelyayev's revolt in the Ayano-Maysky District, which concluded on the 16th of June 1923.
Defeated White Russians congregated in Belgrade, Berlin, Paris, Harbin, Istanbul, and Shanghai. From these cities they built military and cultural networks, and in the 1920s-1930s they established organizations including the Russian All-Military Union, the Brotherhood of Russian Truth, and the National Alliance of Russian Solidarists, which was founded in Belgrade in 1930 and remained the primary group conducting active anti-Soviet operations after World War II.