Short answers, pulled from the story.
"What Goes On" is credited to Lennon-McCartney-Starkey, making it the only Beatles song to carry that three-way credit. John Lennon wrote the original version in early 1959, Paul McCartney contributed to the extended sections when the song was revived for Rubber Soul in 1965, and Ringo Starr added lyrics, most notably the line "Waiting for the tides of time."
"What Goes On" appears as the eighth track on the 1965 album Rubber Soul in the UK. In North America, Capitol also placed it on the compilation album Yesterday and Today, released on the 20th of June 1966.
"What Goes On" reached number 81 on the Billboard Hot 100 in 1966, spending two weeks on the chart. It achieved this as the B-side of the US-only single "Nowhere Man," released by Capitol on the 21st of February 1966.
"What Goes On" is the only Beatles song credited to Lennon-McCartney-Starkey and the only track on Rubber Soul with Ringo Starr as lead vocalist. It also marks Starr's first-ever composing credit on a Beatles recording.
The Rubber Soul version was recorded in one take with overdubs during a late-night session on the 4th of November 1965. George Martin produced the session, with engineers Norman Smith, Ken Scott, and Graham Platt. Martin and Smith mixed it for mono and stereo on the 9th of November 1965.
Sufjan Stevens recorded a cover of "What Goes On" in 2005 for the compilation This Bird Has Flown: A 40th Anniversary Tribute to the Beatles' Rubber Soul. Stevens rearranged the song extensively, adding choral interludes, strings, and a new rhythmic structure.