Short answers, pulled from the story.
West Germany, formally the Federal Republic of Germany, was founded on the 23rd of May 1949. It ceased to exist as a separate state on the 3rd of October 1990, when the five reconstituted East German states and reunited Berlin joined the Federal Republic, raising the total number of states from ten to sixteen.
The Wirtschaftswunder, or economic miracle, was West Germany's rapid economic recovery beginning in 1950. It was driven by the 1948 currency reform that replaced the Reichsmark with the Deutsche Mark, the end of Allied dismantling of German industry, Marshall Plan stimulus, a large pool of skilled labour including millions of expellees from the east, and thousands of Gastarbeiter guest workers. By 1973 West Germany held the world's fourth-highest GDP.
Konrad Adenauer was 73 years old when he became West Germany's first Chancellor in 1949 and served for 14 years. He secured West Germany's membership in NATO on the 9th of May 1955, pursued full alignment with the Western alliance rather than neutrality, and championed the agreements that developed into the present-day European Union.
Ostpolitik was the new eastern policy introduced by Chancellor Willy Brandt after he took office in October 1969, aimed at normalising relations with Eastern Europe and the Soviet bloc. It produced a series of treaties including the Treaty of Moscow in August 1970 and the Basic Treaty in December 1972, led to both German states joining the United Nations, and ended the Hallstein Doctrine under which West Germany had refused relations with countries recognising East Germany.
The Red Army Faction was a militant underground group that grew out of the West German student unrest of the late 1960s. It carried out bank raids, bombings, killings, and kidnappings across the 1970s, including the shooting of State Counsel Siegfried Buback in 1977. The group's last action took place in 1993 and it announced it was ceasing activities in 1998.
East Germany voted to dissolve and accede to the Federal Republic under Article 23 of the West German Basic Law. The Unification Treaty of the 31st of August 1990 set the terms, and both the Volkskammer and the Bundestag passed it with the required two-thirds majorities on the 20th of September 1990. The five reconstituted East German states and reunited Berlin formally joined the Federal Republic on the 3rd of October 1990.