Short answers, pulled from the story.
The Weimar Republic was the constitutional republic that governed Germany from the 9th of November 1918 to the 23rd of March 1933, the first time Germany had operated as a republic in its history. Its informal name comes from the city of Weimar, where the constituent National Assembly convened from the 6th of February to the 11th of August 1919. The official name of the state throughout this period remained the German Reich.
Adolf Hitler first used the term "Republik von Weimar" in a speech at a Nazi Party rally in Munich on the 24th of February 1929. A few weeks later he used the term "Weimarer Republik" in a newspaper article. The phrase did not become mainstream inside or outside Germany until the 1950s.
Hyperinflation peaked in late 1923, when a loaf of bread that cost 3 Reichsmarks in 1922 had risen to 80 billion Reichsmarks by November 1923. The government introduced the Rentenmark on the 15th of November 1923 at an exchange rate of one Rentenmark to one trillion paper marks, which stabilized the currency.
Germany lost approximately 13 percent of its former territory under the Treaty of Versailles, signed on the 28th of June 1919, including 48 percent of its iron resources and 10 percent of its coal. The German army was limited to 100,000 men, and Germany was prohibited from having an air force, tanks, submarines or poison gas. Total reparations were later fixed at 132 billion Reichsmarks, with Germany making payments from 1920 until 1931, when they were suspended indefinitely.
The Great Depression after 1929 drove unemployment to 4 million by 1930 and fractured the coalition politics on which the Republic depended. President Hindenburg appointed Adolf Hitler as chancellor on the 30th of January 1933. By the end of March 1933, the Reichstag Fire Decree and the Enabling Act granted Hitler powers outside parliamentary control, effectively ending constitutional governance without ever formally abolishing the Weimar Constitution.
The Golden Twenties, known in Germany as the Goldene Zwanziger, refers to the years 1924-1929 when the Weimar Republic experienced relative political and economic stability. Real wages grew faster than the cost of living, unemployment insurance was introduced in 1927, and more than 2 million new homes were built between 1924 and 1931. Berlin became a centre of cultural innovation in literature, cinema, theatre, cabaret, and architecture, though the stability depended heavily on American loans that vanished when the New York Stock Exchange crashed in October 1929.