Short answers, pulled from the story.
Weather is the immediate, breathing state of the Earth's atmosphere that operates primarily in the troposphere. This system exists in the lowest layer of the atmosphere where air is heated by contact with the Earth's surface rather than directly by the Sun.
The atmosphere is a chaotic system that is theoretically impossible to predict accurately beyond two weeks. This unpredictability is a fundamental property of the atmosphere itself rather than a failure of science.
The Kamikaze winds saved Japan from invasion by the Mongol fleet of Kublai Khan in 1281. A hurricane in 1565 destroyed the French fleet, ending French claims to Florida and allowing Spain to conquer Fort Caroline.
The coldest air temperature ever recorded on Earth was minus 89.2 degrees Celsius at Vostok Station, Antarctica. This record occurred on the 21st of July 1983.
Weather breaks down rocks and soils into smaller fragments through the process of weathering. When rain falls, water droplets absorb carbon dioxide from the air to create slightly acidic water that dissolves minerals and aids in the erosion of the landscape.