Short answers, pulled from the story.
Mozart's Violin Concerto No. 5 in A major, K. 219, is a concerto for solo violin and orchestra written by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart in 1775. It premiered during the Christmas season that year in Salzburg and is the last and longest of his five violin concertos, with a typical performance lasting about 28 minutes.
The concerto earned the nickname "Turkish" from a passage in its rondo finale where the meter shifts and the key moves from A major to A minor. The passage features unison chromatic crescendos, repeated short musical figures, and col legno playing in the cellos and double basses, which listeners associated with Turkish music.
The autograph manuscript of Mozart's Violin Concerto No. 5 is preserved in the Library of Congress in Washington, D.C. The manuscript shows that the year of composition was scratched out and altered more than once before settling on 1775.
The first movement opens with a short dolce adagio passage in A major at the moment the solo violin first enters, accompanied simply by the orchestra. This is the only instance in all of Mozart's concertos where an adagio interlude of this kind appears at the soloist's first entry. The movement also carries the rare marking "aperto", indicating a broader and more majestic character than a standard allegro.
K. 261 is the Adagio in E major for Violin and Orchestra, which Mozart composed as a substitute slow movement specifically for Violin Concerto No. 5. It functions as a replacement for the concerto's original middle movement and is performed independently today.
The Rondo alla Turca from Mozart's Piano Sonata No. 11 in A major shares the same key and similar musical elements with the Turkish section of Violin Concerto No. 5. Both works draw on the same combination of key and characteristic musical gestures associated with Turkish-style writing.