Short answers, pulled from the story.
Hippodamus of Miletus is considered the father of European urban planning and he lived between 498 and 408 BC. He introduced the orthogonal grid system where streets intersected at perfect right angles to prioritize military defense and public convenience.
Baron Georges-Eugène Haussmann renovated Paris between 1853 and 1870 under the direction of Napoleon III. This project created long straight boulevards to accommodate traffic flow and prevent the construction of barricades during uprisings.
Jane Jacobs published The Death and Life of Great American Cities in 1961. This publication dismantled the prevailing modernist orthodoxy and argued that high-rise towers and wide highways were destroying the social fabric of cities.
The United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs predicted in 2018 that around 2.5 billion more people would occupy urban areas by 2050. This demographic shift requires a new approach to planning to address population growth and climate change.
Urban planners utilize urban digital twins in the early 21st century to simulate and predict urban development scenarios with unprecedented precision. These models leverage artificial intelligence and the Internet of Things to collect real-time data on population growth and traffic patterns.