Short answers, pulled from the story.
Hippodamus of Miletus, an ancient Greek architect who lived between 498 BC and 408 BC, is considered the father of European urban planning. He created the Hippodamian plan which organized city layouts into a strict grid system.
The University of Liverpool offered the first academic course on urban planning in 1909 to establish professional training standards. This event marked a global move toward central planning approaches that would dominate the following century.
Architect Le Corbusier presented his concept of the Radiant City in 1933 proposing towers that would grow upward to solve problems of pollution and overcrowding. His ideas emphasized uniformity and modernist principles that influenced planning practices throughout the 1920s until the 1970s.
Jane Jacobs published The Death and Life of Great American Cities in 1961 to establish the concept of livable streets and infuse urban renewal with a perspective focused on community needs. Her work marked a turning point where planners gradually shifted their focus toward individualism and diversity in urban centers during the second half of the 20th century.
The United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs predicted in 2018 that around 2.5 billion more people would occupy urban areas by 2050 according to global migration elements. This prediction highlights the need for effective urban planning strategies to manage population growth.