Short answers, pulled from the story.
Hippodamus of Miletus is the father of European urban planning who introduced the Hippodamian plan. This grid plan used geometric rigor to organize streets and establish a philosophical statement that the universe could be mapped through straight lines and right angles.
Sir Ebenezer Howard published his book Garden Cities of To-morrow in 1898. His model proposed self-contained communities housing 32,000 people on 6,000 acres with a concentric pattern of open spaces and six radial boulevards.
The demolition of the Pruitt Igoe housing complex in St. Louis occurred on the 15th of July 1972. This event marked the symbolic end of the modernist era in urban design and forced planners to confront the limitations of their theories regarding social housing.
Scott Campbell's Planner's Triangle diagram emerged in the late 20th century and exposes the relationships between Economic Development, Environmental Protection, and Equity and Social Justice. The diagram highlights the inherent conflicts between these three goals and serves as a tool for navigating complex political and social landscapes.
David Harvey, Dan Mitchell, and Edward Soja are the scholars who have written extensively on the spatial and political battle over citizens' rights to the city. Their change of thinking occurred in three forms: ontologically, sociologically, and the combination of this socio-spatial dialect.