Short answers, pulled from the story.
The University of Cambridge was founded in 1209, following an incident at the University of Oxford in which two scholars were hanged by the town's secular authorities after a local woman died. Fearing further violence, Oxford scholars left for other cities, including Cambridge, where enough gathered to form the nucleus of a new institution.
Alumni, academics, and affiliates of the University of Cambridge have won 126 Nobel Prizes. As of 2019, Cambridge alumni, faculty, and researchers had also won 11 Fields Medals and seven Turing Awards.
Women were formally admitted to the University of Cambridge in 1948. The first women's colleges, Girton and Newnham, were founded in 1869 and 1872 respectively, and women were allowed to sit university exams from the late 19th century, but full admission did not come until 1948.
The Cambridge Phenomenon refers to the economic growth generated by the University of Cambridge's connections to high technology and biotechnology. Between 1960 and 2010, this drove the creation of 1,500 new companies and as many as 40,000 new jobs, mostly at Silicon Fen, a business cluster launched by the university in the late 20th century.
The Mathematical Tripos is the University of Cambridge's examination in mathematics, which was initially compulsory for all undergraduates pursuing the Bachelor of Arts degree. Students who earn first-class honours are called wranglers, and the top-scoring student is known as the Senior Wrangler, a title described in Cambridge tradition as the greatest intellectual achievement attainable in Britain. Notable wranglers include James Clerk Maxwell, Lord Kelvin, and Lord Rayleigh.
Cambridge University Press is the oldest university press in the world and the second largest. It is the University of Cambridge's largest department by financial income, reporting income above £800 million, with the broader Cambridge University Press and Assessment group reporting £1 billion in annual revenue and reaching 100 million learners. The press traces its examination syndicate to 1858, which is now the largest assessment agency in Europe.