Short answers, pulled from the story.
The United States Marine Corps was founded on the 10th of November 1775, when the Second Continental Congress resolved to raise two battalions of marines in Philadelphia. Captain Samuel Nicholas, nominated by John Adams, recruited one battalion of 300 men within weeks. This date is still celebrated as the Marine Corps Birthday.
America's first amphibious assault occurred on the 3rd of March 1776, when Continental Marines landed at New Providence in the Bahamas and seized Fort Montagu and Fort Nassau from British forces. The operation secured a British ammunition depot and naval port.
Opha May Johnson, born in 1878, was the first woman to enlist in the Marine Corps. She joined the Marine Corps Reserve in 1918 during World War I. By the end of the war, 305 women had enlisted in total.
"Every Marine a rifleman" is a precept attributed to Commandant Alfred M. Gray, Jr. It holds that all Marines, regardless of their military occupational specialty, receive training as infantry riflemen. All officers additionally train as infantry platoon commanders.
The Battle of Iwo Jima, which began on the 19th of February 1945, resulted in 26,000 American casualties and 22,000 Japanese casualties. American forces reached the summit of Mount Suribachi on the 23rd of February 1945.
The Marine Air-Ground Task Force, or MAGTF, is the basic framework for all deployed Marine units. It integrates a ground combat element, an aviation combat element, and a logistics combat element under a single command element. The structure allows Marines to deploy a self-sufficient combined-arms force almost anywhere in the world within days.