Short answers, pulled from the story.
The Republic of Turkey was officially established on the 29th of October 1923. This new nation state was founded by Mustafa Kemal Atatürk following the Turkish War of Independence and replaced the Ottoman Empire with a secular parliamentary republic.
The population of Turkey was 85,372,377 in 2023. This figure excludes Syrians under temporary protection and represents a growth from 20.9 million in 1950, though the population growth rate was only 0.1% in 2023.
Modern humans first inhabited the region that is now Turkey over 12,000 years ago and left behind the enigmatic stone circles of Göbekli Tepe. These structures predate Stonehenge by seven millennia and challenge the understanding of when complex society began in Anatolia.
The Ottoman Empire conquered Constantinople on the 29th of May 1453 under the rule of Mehmed II. This event marked the end of the Byzantine Empire and the beginning of Ottoman dominance in the region.
Approximately 70 to 75% of citizens in Turkey are identified as ethnic Turks. Kurds constitute the largest ethnic minority with estimates ranging from 12 to 20% of the population, while other non-Kurdish minorities make up about 7 to 12%.