Short answers, pulled from the story.
Turin emerged as the Roman colony named Julia Augusta Taurinorum after 28 BC. This establishment laid the foundation for what would become modern Turin following earlier conflicts with Hannibal's forces in 218 BC.
Emmanuel Philibert, known as Iron Head, made Turin the capital of the Duchy of Savoy in 1563. This action transformed the city from a provincial town into a major European political centre.
Fiat was established in Turin in 1899, followed by Lancia in 1906. These companies launched an automotive revolution that defined the city's economic identity and earned it the nickname Capitale dell'automobile.
On the 13th of July 1943, 792 people were killed when 295 Allied bombers dropped 763 tons of bombs on Turin. Overall air raids during World War II killed 2,069 inhabitants and destroyed or damaged 54% of all buildings in the city centre and industrial areas.
Turin hosted the Winter Olympic Games in 2006. The city also served as host for FIFA World Cups in 1934 and 1990 plus ATP Finals from 2021 until 2025.