Short answers, pulled from the story.
Turin earned the name because it served as the political and intellectual centre of the Risorgimento, the movement that produced Italian unification. The city was home to key figures such as Camillo Benso, Count of Cavour, and became the first capital of the unified Kingdom of Italy in 1861.
Fiat was established in Turin in 1899. The company's full name, Fabbrica Italiana Automobili Torino, reflects the city's identity as the centre of Italian automotive manufacturing. Lancia followed in 1906, and Turin eventually became known as Capitale dell'automobile.
The Shroud of Turin is a linen cloth bearing the image of a man with injuries consistent with crucifixion, which many Christians believe to be a miraculous image of Jesus. It is kept in the Chapel of the Holy Shroud, attached to the Cathedral of Saint John the Baptist in the city centre. The chapel was designed by Guarini and added to the cathedral between 1668 and 1694.
Turin hosted matches for the 1934 and 1990 FIFA World Cups, the 2006 Winter Olympics, and the Eurovision Song Contest 2022. The Eurovision grand final took place on the 14th of May 2022 at the Pala Alpitour, and the city also hosted the ATP Finals tennis tournament from 2021 to 2026.
Allied bombing raids killed 2,069 inhabitants of Turin in total and destroyed or damaged 54 percent of all buildings in the city. The heaviest single raid, on the 13th of July 1943, involved 295 bombers dropping 763 tons of bombs and killed 792 people. Turin was one of four Italian cities subjected to area bombing by the RAF.
The Mole Antonelliana is Turin's architectural symbol, standing at 167 metres and widely considered the tallest museum in the world. Construction began in 1863 as a Jewish synagogue, and it now houses the National Museum of Cinema. The building is depicted on the Italian 2-cent coin and is named after its architect, Alessandro Antonelli.