Short answers, pulled from the story.
Henry VIII holds the traditional title of Father of the English navy, as assessed by biographer Jack Scarisbrick. He was the first English king to organize the navy as a permanent force with a standing administrative structure, funded by tax revenue and overseen by the newly created Navy Board. He also oversaw the construction of the first purpose-built English warships armed with heavy naval artillery.
The first English dry dock was commissioned by Henry VII in 1495 at Portsmouth. Sir Reginald Bray oversaw its construction, and it is the oldest surviving dry dock example. The first ships built there, Sweepstake and Mary Fortune, launched in 1497.
The Mary Rose, an 800-ton warship belonging to Henry VIII, sank during the Battle of the Solent in 1545. She went down during an engagement in which Lord Lisle commanded 80 English ships against a French fleet of 130 that was attempting to invade England.
The 1588 defeat of the Spanish Armada was the direct product of ship designs developed by John Hawkins and Francis Drake. Their warships were longer, faster, more maneuverable, and more heavily gunned than Spanish vessels. Spanish cannons also reloaded more slowly in close-range battle, allowing English crews to control the engagement. The Armada was scattered after a running battle lasting over a week.
The Anthony Roll was a survey of Henry VIII's navy commissioned around 1546 that documented the fleet as it existed at that time. It is now held in the Pepys Library and remains one of the primary pictorial sources for understanding what Tudor warships looked like.
Early Tudor victualling relied on local contractors and improvised procurement whenever ships prepared for sea. Under Henry VIII and Elizabeth I, the Crown formalized the Victualling Office, which managed the acquisition and distribution of salted meat, biscuit, fish, cheese, and beer. By the mid-Elizabethan period, contracts specified quantities, quality expectations, and delivery schedules, and key yards at Deptford, Portsmouth, and the Port of London built dedicated bakehouses, brewhouses, and warehouses to support the fleet.