Short answers, pulled from the story.
London contained roughly 50,000 souls within its ancient medieval walls in 1485 and swelled to an estimated 200,000 people by 1603. This figure stood over 13 times that of Norwich, England's next largest city.
Henry VIII enlarged Eltham Palace between 1519 and 1522 and converted St. James monastic leper hospital into St. James's Palace in 1531. He also seized York Place from Wolsey to create Whitehall Palace near Charing Cross and had Nonsuch Palace constructed in 1538.
Records show 48 known cases of torture occurred between 1540 and 1640 within the Tower of London walls. High-ranking prisoners such as Anne Boleyn, Catherine Howard, and Lady Jane Grey faced execution there.
Plague struck violently in 1563 when local authorities compiled death statistics for the first time via Bills of Mortality. That year recorded 20,372 deaths across London with 17,404 attributed to plague.
London contained 46 monasteries, nunneries, priories, abbeys, and friaries at the start of the Tudor era before Henry VIII passed Acts breaking England from Rome in the 1530s. Every male Londoner swore the Oath of Succession in April 1534 and Carthusian monks who refused to acknowledge Henry were hanged, drawn, and quartered.