Short answers, pulled from the story.
Tudor London's population grew from roughly 50,000 at the end of the 15th century to an estimated 200,000 by 1603, a fourfold increase over 118 years. By 1603, London's population was over 13 times that of Norwich, the next-largest city in England.
In 1563-17,404 of the 20,372 recorded deaths in London were from the plague, which prompted authorities to begin compiling death statistics in the Bills of Mortality for the first time. By 1603, the total deaths in London reached 40,040, of which 32,257 were attributed to the plague.
At the start of the Tudor period, roughly a third of all land within London's walls was owned by the Church, and the city contained 46 monasteries, nunneries, priories, abbeys, and friaries. Henry VIII dissolved them in the 1530s and 1540s, redistributing their lands to aristocrats and seizing some for himself. By 1551, the Venetian ambassador Giacomo Soranzo wrote that London was disfigured by the ruins of a multitude of churches and monasteries.
Theatres were banned from within the city walls in 1574, so companies built in the outskirts instead. The Theatre and The Curtain opened in Shoreditch, The Rose, The Swan, and The Globe in Southwark, and the Blackfriars to the west. William Shakespeare wrote 25 of his plays during the Tudor period, including Hamlet and Romeo and Juliet.
John Blanke was a royal trumpeter who performed at the courts of both Henry VII and Henry VIII, and his portrait is the first known depiction of a named black person in London. His likeness appears in a roll documenting royal pageantry from the early Tudor period.
The Royal Exchange was a mercantile exchange founded in 1565 by Thomas Gresham, functioning as an early shopping centre and trading hub. Queen Elizabeth I awarded it the title Royal Exchange in 1571. It stood on Cornhill and served London's rapidly expanding merchant class.