Short answers, pulled from the story.
The word treason comes from the Latin tradere, meaning to deliver or hand over, a term originally used to describe bishops and Christians who surrendered sacred scriptures to Roman authorities during the Diocletianic Persecution between the 3rd of July 303 and the 3rd of May 305.
The Treason Act 1351 was the first time treason was defined by statute, yet it left a vague circumference that allowed later monarchs to stretch its meaning to include mere speech or political dissent.
The last person to be executed for treason in the United Kingdom was William Joyce, known as Lord Haw-Haw, in 1946, a case that highlighted the enduring power of the charge even in the modern era.
The maximum penalty for treason in Australia is life imprisonment, and Section 80.1AC of the Act creates the related offence of treachery, distinguishing between the two crimes.
John Brown was convicted of treason against the Commonwealth of Virginia for his part in the 1859 raid on Harpers Ferry and hanged, illustrating how the state's definition of treason can be used to criminalize resistance to slavery.
The penalty for treason in France is life imprisonment and a fine of €750,000, with parole not available until 18 years of a life sentence have elapsed.