Short answers, pulled from the story.
A ribosome consists of two distinct subunits: a small 40S subunit and a large 60S subunit. These components combine before translation begins to create a specific location for amino acid assembly.
Transfer RNAs act as noncoding RNA chains ranging from 74 to 93 nucleotides that carry specific amino acids. Each tRNA features an anticodon site complementary to mRNA triplets to deliver its cargo to the ribosome.
Termination occurs when a stop codon UAA, UAG, or UGA occupies the A site of the ribosome. Release factor eRF1 recognizes all three stop codons and prompts disassembly of the entire ribosome-mRNA complex.
Cancer cells frequently modify levels of existing translation factors rather than altering genetically altered translation factors themselves. This modification allows them to escape apoptosis triggered by nutrition deprivation through cascades like AMPK activation.
The rate of error in synthesizing proteins has been estimated between one misincorporated amino acid per 10^5 and 10^3 depending on experimental conditions. Premature translation abandonment occurs at rates around 10^-4 events per translated codon.