Short answers, pulled from the story.
The term transhumanism derives from a 1940 paper by Canadian philosopher W. D. Lighthall, but the biologist Julian Huxley popularized it as the title of an influential 1957 article. British philosopher Max More then began articulating transhumanism as a formal futurist philosophy in 1990.
The World Transhumanist Association was founded in 1998 by philosophers Nick Bostrom and David Pearce as an international non-governmental organization working toward recognition of transhumanism as a legitimate subject of scientific inquiry and public policy. In 2008 it rebranded as Humanity+.
Transhumanists support the convergence of nanotechnology, biotechnology, information technology, and cognitive science, often called NBIC. They also advocate for artificial intelligence, cryonics, mind uploading, 3D bioprinting, and cognitive enhancement technologies, arguing that humans have the right to use these to improve themselves.
In 2002, Kevin Warwick had a 100-electrode array surgically implanted into the median nerves of his left arm, linking his nervous system directly with a computer and the internet. He used the implant to control a robot hand via neural signals, feel feedback from the robot's fingertips, and conduct what he described as the first purely electronic nervous-system-to-nervous-system communication with his wife.
Francis Fukuyama called transhumanism the world's most dangerous idea in a 2004 article, arguing it could undermine democratic equality by fundamentally altering human nature. Other critics warn of a genetic divide between wealthy "haves" and less wealthy "have nots", and some argue it amounts to a rebranding of eugenics.
Views are divided. The 2002 Vatican statement called genetic alteration of human identity "radically immoral", and a sociologist's study found that highly religious worldviews negatively correlated with acceptance of transhumanist ideas. However, the Mormon Transhumanist Association was founded in 2006, the Christian Transhumanist Association in 2014, and the American Academy of Religion has held annual Transhumanism and Religion consultations since 2009.