Short answers, pulled from the story.
The earliest known internal pit toilet dates back to the fourth millennium BC in the city of Uruk, Mesopotamia. This innovation marked a pivotal moment in human civilization when waste management first moved from open defecation to structured containment.
The Scottish mechanic Alexander Cummings invented the S-trap in 1775. This device uses standing water to seal the outlet of the bowl, preventing the escape of foul air from the sewer and remains in use today.
Flush toilets became widely used and marketed in Britain in the 1880s. Water closets first appeared in Britain during this decade and soon spread to Continental Europe and America.
The use of the word toilet to describe a special room for grooming was first attested in 1819 following the French. The term originally referred to a little cloth draped over one's shoulders during hairdressing before evolving to mean a room for grooming and eventually a room for urination and defecation.
One billion people in developing countries have no toilets in their homes and are resorting to open defecation instead. This figure represents a major target of Sustainable Development Goal 6 to provide toilets to everyone by 2030.
The communication method used by prisoners through toilet plumbing is known as toilet talk, potty talk, or the toilet telephone. This phenomenon utilizes the acoustic properties of the toilet bowl and sewage pipes to transmit messages between inmates.