Short answers, pulled from the story.
Marshall won 29 of the 32 civil rights cases he argued before the Supreme Court. His most celebrated victory came on the 17th of May 1954, when the Court issued its unanimous decision in Brown v. Board of Education, holding that segregated public schools were unconstitutional.
Charles Hamilton Houston mentored Marshall at Howard University School of Law. Houston taught his students to be "social engineers" willing to use the law to fight for civil rights, and the two later worked together at the NAACP on landmark segregation cases including Missouri ex rel. Gaines v. Canada in 1938.
Marshall and Justice William J. Brennan Jr. dissented together in more than 1,400 cases in which the Court's majority declined to review a death sentence. Their dissents in those cases followed a fixed text asserting that the death penalty is in all circumstances cruel and unusual punishment under the Eighth and Fourteenth Amendments.
Marshall's sliding-scale approach called on courts to assess a law's constitutionality by balancing its stated goals against its actual impact on affected groups and rights, rather than applying a rigid tier-based analysis. Although the full Court never formally adopted the approach, legal scholar Susan Low Bloch wrote that Marshall's consistent advocacy appeared to push the Court toward greater flexibility.
The Senate confirmed Thurgood Marshall to the Supreme Court on the 30th of August 1967, by a vote of 69-11. He took the constitutional oath of office on the 2nd of October 1967, becoming the first African American to serve as a justice of the Supreme Court.
Marshall received the Presidential Medal of Freedom from President Bill Clinton in 1993. Maryland renamed Baltimore's airport the Baltimore/Washington International Thurgood Marshall Airport in 2005, and the Thurgood Marshall United States Courthouse in New York was renamed in his honor in 2001. The Episcopal Church made him a permanent saint in 2018, with May 17 designated as his feast day.