Short answers, pulled from the story.
Thomas Howard, 2nd Duke of Norfolk (1443-1524) was an English nobleman, soldier, and statesman who served four monarchs: Edward IV, Richard III, Henry VII, and Henry VIII. He commanded the English forces at the Battle of Flodden in 1513 and held the office of Lord High Treasurer.
At the Battle of Bosworth in 1485, Thomas Howard, then Earl of Surrey, was wounded and captured while fighting for Richard III. His father, John Howard, 1st Duke of Norfolk, was killed in the battle. Surrey was subsequently attainted, stripped of his lands, and imprisoned in the Tower of London for three years.
The Battle of Flodden was fought on the 9th of September 1513 near Branxton, Northumberland, between English forces and a Scottish invasion led by King James IV. Thomas Howard, Earl of Surrey at the time, commanded the English army with the help of his sons Thomas and Edmund. The Scots may have lost as many as 10,000 men, and King James IV was killed.
On the 1st of February 1514, Henry VIII elevated Thomas Howard to the 2nd Duke of Norfolk, restoring the title his father had lost at Bosworth. His son Thomas was made Earl of Surrey. The Howard family arms were also augmented with an inescutcheon bearing the lion of Scotland pierced through the mouth with an arrow.
Thomas Howard was the great-grandfather of Queen Elizabeth I. His daughter Elizabeth Howard married Thomas Boleyn and became the mother of Queen Anne Boleyn, who was Henry VIII's second wife and mother of Elizabeth I.
Thomas Howard was buried at Thetford Priory on the 22nd of June 1524, following a funeral reported to have cost over £1,300 with a procession of 400 hooded men bearing torches. After the dissolution of Thetford Priory, the Howard tombs were moved to the Church of St Michael the Archangel at Framlingham, Suffolk.