Short answers, pulled from the story.
Thomas Carlyle was born on the 4th of December 1795 in the village of Ecclefechan, Dumfriesshire. His father James worked as a stonemason before becoming a farmer who built the Arched House where his son entered the world.
An incident occurred in July 1821 while Thomas Carlyle was sea-bathing between Leith and Portobello that marked the beginning of his Conversion process. This event provided relief from immense spiritual doubt described as the dismallest Lernean Hydra of problems after he concluded Christianity was not true.
Thomas Carlyle accepted £100 from John Stuart Mill and began rewriting the volume anew after the housemaid had taken it for wastepaper leaving only four tattered leaves. By September the volume was rewritten and published officially in April 1836 making his career breakthrough.
In June 1834 the Carlyles moved into 5 Cheyne Row Chelsea where they lived for the remainder of their lives. Residence in London expanded his social circle significantly including friendships with Lord and Lady Ashburton though his warm affection for the latter eventually strained his marriage.
On the 2nd of February 1881 Carlyle fell into a coma awakening briefly to say So this is Death well before losing speech and dying on the morning of the 5th of February. He remained active in public life until his death while experiencing feelings of guilt reading her complaints about illnesses and his devotion to labor particularly on Frederick the Great.