Short answers, pulled from the story.
Mommsen received the 1902 Nobel Prize in Literature primarily for his historical writings, including his Romische Geschichte (The History of Rome). He was nominated by eighteen members of the Prussian Academy of Sciences and is one of very few non-fiction writers to receive the award.
The Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum is a complete scholarly collection of all known ancient Latin inscriptions. Mommsen first envisioned it when he published inscriptions of the Neapolitan Kingdom in 1852, personally prepared five of its seventeen volumes, and lived to see fifteen volumes published; the final volume appeared in 1986.
A fire broke out at two in the morning on the 7th of July 1880 in the upper-floor library of Mommsen's house at Marchstrasse 6 in Berlin. Mommsen was burned trying to rescue papers before being restrained. Several manuscripts were destroyed, including one on loan from Trinity College, Cambridge, and important manuscripts from Heidelberg, Brussels, and Halle.
In 1879 Mommsen wrote a pamphlet attacking his colleague Heinrich von Treitschke's antisemitic political campaign known as the Berliner Antisemitismusstreit. In 1890 he co-founded the Association for Combating Antisemitism (Abwehrverein), a humanist organization created to publicly counter the spread of antisemitism in Germany.
Alfred Thayer Mahan developed the central argument of his major work The Influence of Sea Power Upon History while reading Mommsen's History of Rome. Bernard Shaw, a fellow Nobel Laureate, cited Mommsen's interpretation of Julius Caesar as one of the inspirations for his 1898 play Caesar and Cleopatra.
Mommsen served in the Prussian House of Representatives from 1863 to 1866 and again from 1873 to 1879, and in the Reichstag from 1881 to 1884. He represented the German Progress Party, later the National Liberal Party, and finally the Secessionists.