Short answers, pulled from the story.
The city was reestablished in earnest during the Archaic and Classical periods following its abandonment at the end of the LH IIIB period. This revival began when the Homeric Hypothebai served as the seed for the new political entity.
Epaminondas led Theban forces to victory over Spartan hegemony at the Battle of Leuctra on the 2nd of May 371 BC. An elite military unit called the Sacred Band of Thebes composed of male lovers proved instrumental in that victory.
Norman forces attacked Boeotia in 1147 to capture skilled craftsmen and relocate them to Palermo. This event occurred while Thebes had become the biggest producer of silks in the entire Byzantine empire by the middle of the 12th century.
Benjamin of Tudela reported that the city housed between 20,000 and 30,000 inhabitants during his visit around 1161 or 1162. He also noted that Thebes had a Jewish population of 2,000 which was the largest Jewish community in any Byzantine city of the 12th century except for Constantinople.
Ottoman rule ended when the Greek War of Independence began in 1821. The Ottomans renamed Thebes İstefe and managed it until that date.