Short answers, pulled from the story.
Angus Maddison published The World Economy: Historical Statistics in 2004 through the OECD Development Centre. This work examined population and economic growth across many centuries before the modern era.
The text covered a span of over one thousand years to establish long-term trends from 1000 AD onward. Readers could see how populations expanded alongside economic output during this vast timeframe.
Europe's gross domestic product per capita grew faster than leading Asian economies after 1000 AD. By the fifteenth century, European levels surpassed those found elsewhere in the world.
Asian nations lost ground economically until the year 1800 according to Maddison's analysis. They recovered significantly only after the 1950s following centuries of stagnation.
The book consists of mass statistical tables presented on a decade-by-decade basis. Detailed notes explain the methods used to arrive at each particular figure.