Short answers, pulled from the story.
Terry Winograd is best known for creating the SHRDLU program, his PhD thesis at MIT written between 1968 and 1970. The program demonstrated both the potential and the severe limits of hand-built semantic memory in natural language processing. He is also known for advising Larry Page at Stanford and for co-authoring "Understanding Computers and Cognition" with Fernando Flores in 1986.
SHRDLU was a natural language program that operated within a simulated world of toy blocks. It could accept complex English commands such as "Find a block which is taller than the one you are holding and put it into the box" and carry out the action using a simulated block-moving arm. It could also respond in plain English when it lacked sufficient information.
Starting in 1995, Winograd served as faculty adviser to Stanford PhD student Larry Page, who was researching web search. Page took a leave of absence from Stanford in 1998 to co-found Google. Winograd later spent a sabbatical at Google in 2002 as a visiting researcher, studying the intersection of theory and practice in human-computer interaction.
Winograd and Flores published "Understanding Computers and Cognition: A New Foundation for Design" in 1986, offering a critique of classical AI from a phenomenological perspective. The two also collaborated in the latter part of the 1980s on an early form of groupware based on conversation-for-action analysis.
Winograd received the SIGCHI Lifetime Research Award in 2011 and was named a Fellow of the Association for Computing Machinery in 2009.
Winograd is a professor at Stanford University and co-director of the Stanford Human-Computer Interaction Group. He founded the "Project on People, Computers and Design" in 1991 and helped found the Hasso Plattner Institute of Design, known as the d.school. He is associated with the Computer Science Department and continues to teach and research collaborative and ubiquitous computing.