Short answers, pulled from the story.
King Lucius Tarquinius Priscus stood on the Capitoline Hill and vowed to build a temple while fighting the Sabines. This vow marked the beginning of Rome's most sacred structure.
The temple was dedicated on the 13th of September 509 BC by Marcus Horatius Pulvillus. Some ancient writers claim it was consecrated two years later in 507 BC.
The first version of the temple burned down in 83 BC during civil wars under Sulla. Sulla had looted Athens in 86 BC and seized gigantic incomplete columns from the Temple of Zeus for reuse in Rome.
The third temple only lasted five years before burning again in 80 AD. Fires in subsequent centuries necessitated further reconstructions until the fourth temple survived until the fall of the empire.
Etruscan artisan Vulca of Veii created the famous terracotta sculpture of Jupiter driving a quadriga. This chariot drawn by four horses sat on top of the roof as an acroterion.