Short answers, pulled from the story.
Hans Lipperhey submitted the first patent application to the government of the Netherlands during 1608. He worked as a spectacle maker from Middelburg, a city on the coast of Zeeland.
Isaac Newton constructed the first practical reflecting telescope in 1668. His design utilized curved mirrors instead of glass lenses to gather light and avoid color distortions.
The James Webb Space Telescope launched on the 25th of December 2021. It departed from Kourou in French Guiana aboard a rocket to detect infrared light rather than visible wavelengths.
Radio telescopes use large dishes made from conductive wire mesh where openings stay smaller than the wavelength being observed. A single receiver records time-varying signals characteristic of the region while arrays combine multiple dishes to compute high-resolution images.
The Square Kilometre Array links many telescopes together to create virtual apertures that span distances larger than Earth itself. This configuration enables interferometric observation by correlating signals received by several dishes simultaneously.