Short answers, pulled from the story.
Hans Lipperhey submitted the first known patent application for a practical telescope in 1608. Other citizens of Middelburg like Jacob Metius and Zacharias Janssen also claimed credit for the design, making the true inventor a subject of historical debate.
Galileo Galilei built his own version of the telescope in 1609 and began to systematically use the device for astronomical observation. He improved upon the original design to achieve magnifications of up to 30 times and turned his gaze toward the heavens.
Isaac Newton invented the first practical reflecting telescope in 1668. This design used a curved mirror instead of a lens to collect and focus light, eliminating the color distortion inherent in glass lenses.
The James Webb Space Telescope launched on the 25th of December 2021 in Kourou, French Guiana. It was designed to detect infrared light, allowing it to peer back in time to the formation of the first galaxies.
The first purpose-built radio telescope went into operation in 1937. It utilized large dish antennas to collect radio waves that could pass through the Earth's atmosphere.
The NuSTAR X-ray Telescope was launched in 2012 to use the Wolter telescope design at the end of a long deployable mast. This design consists of ring-shaped glancing mirrors made of heavy metals that reflect X-rays at just a few degrees.