Short answers, pulled from the story.
The Talmud is the central text of Rabbinic Judaism and serves as the primary source of Jewish law and theology. It holds authority second only to the Hebrew Bible and functions as a vast library of debate spanning centuries and continents.
The Babylonian Talmud was likely completed in the sixth century or prior to the early Muslim conquests in the mid-seventh century. Tradition attributes the compilation to Rav Ashi and Ravina II, with modern scholars believing a final redaction was made by the Savoraim in the sixth century.
The Jerusalem Talmud was compiled in Galilee between the late fourth and early fifth centuries and is written in Jewish Palestinian Aramaic. The Babylonian Talmud was completed in the sixth century, is written in Jewish Babylonian Aramaic, and is considered more extensive and discursive with about 2.5 million words.
The Talmud follows the structure of the Mishnah and is divided into Six Orders known as the Shisha Sedarim, which contain 63 tractates. Each tractate is divided into chapters called perakim, and the Gemara serves as a commentary on the Mishnah containing legal discussions and aggadah narratives.
The first complete edition of the Babylonian Talmud was printed in Venice by Daniel Bomberg between 1520 and 1523. This edition was produced with the support of Pope Leo X and followed centuries of persecution including the Disputation of Paris in 1240 and the Disputation of Tortosa in 1413.