Short answers, pulled from the story.
The Syrian civil war began in March 2011 after protests erupted in Daraa. Young students painted anti-government slogans on school walls and demanded political reforms from President Bashar al-Assad.
Iran launched its military intervention in support of the Syrian government in 2013 while Russia followed in September 2015 with airstrikes and ground operations. Hezbollah deployed troops across Syria to bolster Assad's forces by 2012 and Turkey occupied parts of northern Syria starting in 2016.
An investigation documented 336 confirmed attacks involving chemical weapons between December 2012 and January 2019. Ninety-eight percent of these attacks were attributed to the Assad regime with almost 90% occurring after the initial Ghouta attack.
ISIS was territorially defeated through campaigns in Raqqa and Deir ez-Zor that concluded by late 2017. As of early 2023 reports indicated that ISIS forces had mostly been defeated though a few cells remained in remote locations.
Ahmed al-Sharaa leader of HTS became de facto president of Syria following the regime's collapse. Bashar al-Assad fled Damascus for Moscow after his prime minister transferred power to the new government on the 8th of December 2024.