Short answers, pulled from the story.
The Swadeshi movement was formally started on the 7th of August 1905 at Town Hall in Calcutta. It was launched in response to the British government's decision to partition Bengal, announced in December 1903, and called on Indians to boycott foreign goods in favour of domestic production.
Swadeshi is formed from two Sanskrit words: swa, meaning "self" or "own", and desh, meaning "country". As an adjective it means "of one's own country". Mahatma Gandhi described the Swadeshi movement as the soul of swaraj, or self-rule.
The official reason given for the 1905 partition of Bengal was that the province, with a population of 78 million, was too large to administer. The actual motivation, as recorded by contemporaries, was that Bengal was the centre of nationalist revolt and British officials feared the protests would spread. The partition divided the province along religious lines, with the western half predominantly Hindu and the eastern half predominantly Muslim.
Gandhi introduced the Patti Charkha spinning wheel in Mumbai in 1918 as a symbol and tool of the Swadeshi movement. On the 31st of July 1921 he burned 150,000 English cloths at the Elphinstone Mill Compound in Parel, Mumbai, and organised Khadi spinning centres across India. His efforts contributed to Indian-made cloth reaching 62 percent of sales by 1936 and 76 percent by 1945.
Dadabhai Naoroji was an economist and politician who published Poverty of India in 1876, introducing the Drain Theory, which argued that British colonial rule systematically extracted wealth from India. He served as a Liberal Party Member of Parliament for Finsbury Central from 1892 to 1895, the first Indian elected to the House of Commons, and expanded his arguments in Poverty and Un-British Rule in India in 1901. His economic analysis provided the intellectual foundation for the nationalism that fuelled the Swadeshi movement.
Rabindranath Tagore's novel Ghare Baire, published in 1916, uses the Swadeshi movement as its backdrop and examines the dangers of fervent nationalism. Satyajit Ray adapted it into a film in 1984. Richard Attenborough's 1982 film Gandhi depicts the burning of English cloth at Elphinstone Fort in Mumbai. The 2019 film Manikarnika: The Queen of Jhansi by Kangana Ranaut used khadi fabrics made of cotton, brocade, and paithani to represent the Swadeshi spirit.