Short answers, pulled from the story.
The Sun is a G-type main-sequence star that converts 600 billion kilograms of hydrogen into helium every second through nuclear fusion. This process occurs in the core at temperatures of 15.7 million kelvin and releases 384.6 yottawatts of energy to power the Solar System.
Photons created in the core take between 10,000 and 170,000 years to bounce through the dense radiative zone before reaching the surface. Neutrinos escape almost instantly while the photons undergo a long journey through the Sun's interior.
Sunspots follow an 11-year cycle known as the solar cycle during which magnetic polarity flips every cycle to complete a 22-year Babcock Leighton dynamo cycle. This magnetic activity drives solar flares and coronal mass ejections that can disrupt radio communications and power grids on Earth.
The Sun formed approximately 4.6 billion years ago from the gravitational collapse of a giant molecular cloud and is currently halfway through its main-sequence life. In approximately 5 billion years the Sun will exhaust the hydrogen in its core and begin a transformation into a red giant.
The Sun orbits the center of the Milky Way galaxy at a speed of 230 kilometers per second and completes one revolution every 220 to 250 million years. This journey known as a galactic year has been completed about 20 to 25 times since the Sun's formation.