Short answers, pulled from the story.
Yusuf Adil Shah founded the Sultanate of Bijapur in 1490 after declaring independence from the crumbling Bahmani Kingdom. Historical records suggest he may have been a Georgian slave purchased by Mahmud Gawan, or perhaps a Persian or Turkmen from the Aq Qoyunlu dynasty.
Yusuf Adil Shah proclaimed Shia Islam as the official religion of his territory in 1503 to distinguish his rule from Sunni neighbors. Ali Adil Shah I later reestablished Shia Islam as the state religion in 1558 after a brief period of Sunni rule under his predecessor.
The Portuguese captured Goa in 1510 under the leadership of Afonso de Albuquerque. They returned in November of that same year to conquer the port again after Yusuf managed to retake the settlement two months earlier.
The Battle of Raichur in 1520 marked a turning point where Ismail's artillery advantage failed against a surprise counter-attack by Krishnadevaraya. This defeat allowed Krishnadevaraya to capture the Raichur fort and occupy parts of Bijapur territory for an extended period.
Population estimates in the latter half of Ibrahim Adil Shah II's rule reached one million people, making the capital one of India's most populous cities. Accounts from Jesuit missionaries and Mughal diplomats indicated increased wealth among commoners during this cultural flourishing.
Mughal forces led by Aurangzeb began a siege of Bijapur in April 1685 that lasted until the 12th of September 1686 when the Sultanate came to an end. Sikandar Adil Shah was sent into Mughal captivity after the capital and surrounding territory were annexed into an eponymous subah.