Short answers, pulled from the story.
The structure and agency debate concerns whether human behaviour is primarily shaped by recurrent social structures, which limit and influence available choices, or by the capacity of individuals to act independently and make free choices. Social scientists have debated this question since at least the classical sociology of Emile Durkheim and Karl Marx, and it remains unresolved.
Bourdieu introduced habitus in An Outline of the Theory of Practice in 1972 as a set of internalized relationships and habitual expectations that form as a person participates in a social field. The habitus reconciles structure and agency by showing how external social structures are internalized into the individual and then externalized again through action, in a dialectical movement between the two.
Giddens developed structuration theory in The Constitution of Society, published in 1984, arguing for the duality of structure: social structure is simultaneously the medium and the outcome of social action, and agents and structures have equal ontological status. An agent's routine interaction with structure as a system of norms is what Giddens called structuration.
Roy Bhaskar's transformational model of social action, the TMSA, differs from Giddens' structuration theory primarily by including a temporal element; time is built into the TMSA in a way that Giddens' framework does not foreground. The TMSA was later expanded into Bhaskar's concept of four-planar social being.
Coleman's Boat is a diagram developed by sociologist James Samuel Coleman that maps how a macro-level social phenomenon triggers individual actions, and how those aggregated individual actions in turn produce a new macro-level phenomenon. The diagram illustrates how macro and micro levels of social life are continuously connected.
Distinction: A Social Critique of the Judgement of Taste, published in 1979, was named by the International Sociological Association as one of the ten most important works of sociology of the twentieth century. The book applies Bourdieu's concepts of habitus, field, and capital to questions of culture, taste, and class.