Short answers, pulled from the story.
Albert Einstein predicted Bose-Einstein condensation as a state of matter that would not be observed until 70 years later. Scientists produced the first experimental Bose-Einstein condensate using rubidium atoms in 1995 and sodium atoms that same year.
Scientists already understood four forms visible in daily life: solid, liquid, gas, and plasma. A solid holds its shape because particles stay tightly packed in fixed positions while vibrating without moving freely past one another.
Scientists detected quark-gluon plasma for the first time in a laboratory at CERN during the year 2000. This state represents a very high temperature phase where quarks become free moving independently through a sea of gluons.
Helium-4 forms a superfluid below lambda temperature of 2.17 Kelvin. This state possesses zero viscosity and flows without friction while attempting to climb out of containers via Rollin film formation.
Electrons remain bound yet transfer between adjacent atoms freely within electron-degenerate matter existing inside white dwarf stars. These conditions create extremely dense environments where gravitational force increases but pressure does not increase proportionally causing smaller size outcomes.