Short answers, pulled from the story.
The name Star Chamber originated from the literal gold stars painted on a blue ceiling in the room located within the royal Palace of Westminster. The first recorded reference to this place as the Sterred chambre dates back to 1398, and by 1422, the name le Sterne-chamere had become the standard designation for the building.
The Star Chamber was abolished in 1641 by the Long Parliament led by John Pym following the severe treatment of religious dissenters. The court was eliminated because it had become a tool for the King to suppress opposition and was used to prosecute dissenters including the Puritans who fled to New England.
The historical abuses of the Star Chamber are considered to be some of the reasons behind the protections against compelled self-incrimination embodied in the Fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution. The Star Chamber's use of the ex officio oath created a cruel trilemma for the accused which was a primary reason for the American founders' insistence on the right against self-incrimination.
The ceiling of the Star Chamber survived the court's destruction and now hangs in Leasowe Castle on the Wirral Peninsula. The historic Star Chamber ceiling with its bright gold stars was brought to Leasowe Castle from the Court of Westminster along with four tapestries depicting the four seasons.
In modern times the term Star Chamber describes private ministerial meetings and committees that operate outside the normal public scrutiny of government proceedings. The European Research Group formed its own Star Chamber to pass judgement on Theresa May's then proposed Brexit deal in March 2019 and on Boris Johnson's recently agreed EU UK Trade and Cooperation Agreement on the 29th of December 2020.