Short answers, pulled from the story.
The Spanish Civil War was fought from 1936 to 1939 between the Republicans and the Nationalist rebels. The Republicans, loyal to the Popular Front government of the Second Spanish Republic, included socialists, anarchists, communists, and separatists. The Nationalists were an alliance of fascist Falangists, monarchists, conservatives, and traditionalists.
The Nationalists won the Spanish Civil War in early 1939. General Francisco Franco entered Madrid and declared victory on the 1st of April 1939, and he ruled Spain until his death in November 1975.
Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy supported the Nationalists, while the Soviet Union and Mexico supported the Republicans. Britain and France led a political alliance of 27 nations that pledged non-intervention, though tens of thousands of foreigners fought anyway, mostly in the pro-Republican International Brigades.
The Spanish Civil War began after the partial failure of a coup d'etat in July 1936 against the Popular Front government by a group of generals. Rebelling units failed to take most major cities, leaving Spain militarily and politically divided and triggering the war.
On the 26th of April 1937, Nazi Germany's Condor Legion bombed the town of Guernica, killing perhaps 200 to 300 civilians. It was the most controversial event of German involvement in the Spanish Civil War.
The Spanish Revolution was the social transformation in the Republican zone, especially in Aragon and Catalonia, after workers' movements were armed in 1936. Workers and peasants implemented collective farming and collective democratic management of industry, with power held by local committees parallel to the Republican government.
Francisco Franco was appointed supreme leader on the 1st of October 1936 and was confirmed head of state and armies in Burgos. He had prestige as a former director of the military academy and as the man who suppressed the Asturian miners' strike of 1934, and he co-opted the Falange to consolidate his control.