Short answers, pulled from the story.
The MW 18014 rocket, a German V-2 test launch from the Peenemunde Army Research Center on the 20th of June 1944, was the first human-made object to reach outer space. It attained an apogee of 176 kilometers, well above the Karman line, but did not reach orbital velocity and returned to Earth in an impact.
Sputnik 1 was launched by the Soviet Union on the 4th of October 1957 as the first human-made object to orbit Earth. It weighed about 83 kilograms, carried radio transmitters at 20 and 40 megahertz, and burned up upon re-entry on the 3rd of January 1958.
Yuri Gagarin, a 27-year-old Russian cosmonaut, became the first human in space aboard Vostok 1 on the 12th of April 1961. The spacecraft completed one orbit around Earth, lasting about 1 hour and 48 minutes.
Roughly two-thirds of all spacecraft destined for Mars have failed before completing their missions, some failing before they even began. The high failure rate, attributed to the complexity of interplanetary travel, led researchers to joke about The Great Galactic Ghoul, also known as the Mars Curse.
Voyager 1 is the most distant human-made object from Earth. It became the first human-made object to leave the Solar System into interstellar space on the 25th of August 2012, passing the heliopause at 121 AU.
The Artemis program is an ongoing crewed spaceflight program carried out by NASA, U.S. commercial spaceflight companies, and international partners such as ESA. Its goal is to land the first woman and the next man at the lunar south pole region, with Artemis IV planned for 2028 as the first lunar landing since Apollo 17.