Short answers, pulled from the story.
Solomon, also called Jedidiah, was a king of ancient Israel and the successor of his father David. His reign is hypothesized to have lasted from approximately 970 to 931 BCE, according to the conventional chronology derived from biblical sources and cross-checked against Babylonian and Assyrian records.
The Judgement of Solomon is the biblical story in which two women each claimed to be the mother of the same infant. Solomon resolved the dispute by ordering the child cut in half, upon which the true mother immediately renounced her claim to spare the child's life. Solomon then awarded the child to the woman who showed compassion.
Solomon is traditionally regarded as the author of Proverbs, Ecclesiastes, and Song of Songs. Rabbinical tradition also attributes to him the Book of Wisdom, which is accepted as canonical by the Catholic Church, Eastern Orthodox Church, and Oriental Orthodox Churches, though Protestant traditions consider it apocryphal.
After Solomon's death, his son Rehoboam adopted harsh policies that led ten of the Twelve Tribes to reject the Davidic line and follow Jeroboam instead. The result was a permanent division into the northern Kingdom of Israel under Jeroboam and the southern Kingdom of Judah under Rehoboam.
No material evidence indisputably from Solomon's reign has been found. Scholars debate whether Jerusalem had enough residents to support the empire described in the Bible. However, archaeologists including Yigael Yadin identified six-chambered gates and ashlar palaces at Hazor, Megiddo, and Gezer as possible Solomonic remains, and in 2014 six clay bullae seals dated to the 10th century BCE were discovered at Khirbet Summeily east of Gaza, which one researcher linked to the historical veracity of David and Solomon.
In Islam, Solomon is known as Sulaimaan ibn Daawuud and is considered a prophet and messenger of God, as well as a divinely appointed monarch. The Quran ascribes to him the ability to speak the language of birds, control the wind, rule over the jinn, and hear the communication of ants. Muslim tradition holds that Solomon never participated in idolatry, unlike the account in the Hebrew Bible.