Short answers, pulled from the story.
Skylab launched on the 14th of May 1973 from Kennedy Space Center. Severe damage occurred when the micrometeoroid shield tore away, leaving the station with a power deficit and dangerously high temperatures.
Jack Kinzler designed the parasol-like sunshade deployed by the first crewed mission. This solution brought internal temperatures down to acceptable levels after the initial launch failure.
The first crew stayed for 28 days while the second crew remained for 56 days starting on the 28th of July 1973. The third crew extended the human record by staying until the 8th of February 1974 for a total duration of 84 days.
Debris landed about 40 miles east of Perth in Western Australia following re-entry at approximately 16:37 UTC on the 11th of July 1979. Residents reported seeing colorful flares as large pieces broke up in the atmosphere without causing human injuries.
Skylab logged about 2,000 hours of scientific and medical experiments including observations of Comet Kohoutek and the Sun's coronal holes. Astronauts also studied biological responses using mice and gnats while recording data across visible infrared and microwave spectral regions.