Short answers, pulled from the story.
Saudi Arabia was founded in 1932 by King Abdulaziz, who united Hejaz, Najd, parts of Eastern Arabia, and South Arabia into a single state. Prince Faisal declared the unification on his behalf, and that date is now a national holiday called Saudi National Day.
The name Saudi comes from as-Suʿūdiyya, an adjective formed from the dynastic name of the royal family, the Al Saud. Its inclusion expresses the view that the country is the personal possession of the royal family, which is descended from Saud ibn Muhammad ibn Muqrin.
Saudi Arabia covers about 2,150,000 square kilometers and occupies roughly 80 percent of the Arabian Peninsula in West Asia. It is the largest country in the Middle East and the twelfth-largest in the world, and the only country with a coastline along both the Red Sea and the Arabian Gulf.
Oil was discovered in Saudi Arabia in 1938 in the Al-Ahsa region along the Persian Gulf coast, with full-scale development beginning in 1941 under the US-controlled Aramco. By 1976 Saudi Arabia had become the largest oil producer in the world.
In 1744, Muhammad bin Saud joined forces with Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab, founder of the Wahhabi movement, a strict puritanical form of Sunni Islam. This alliance provided the ideological impetus to Saudi expansion and remains the basis of Saudi dynastic rule today.
In June 2018, the Saudi government issued a law allowing women to drive. The kingdom has since reported reversing bans on women becoming lawyers, engineers, and geologists, and has added its first female diplomats, public prosecutors, and a female head of the Saudi stock exchange.