Short answers, pulled from the story.
In 1924, Bose derived Planck's quantum radiation law without using classical physics, by treating photons as indistinguishable from one another. This new way of counting quantum states became the foundation of Bose-Einstein statistics. Albert Einstein recognised the importance of the paper, translated it into German himself, and had it published on Bose's behalf to the Zeitschrift fur Physik, where it was published in 1924.
Bosons are a class of elementary subatomic particles, including photons and force-carrying particles, that have integer spin and follow Bose-Einstein statistics. Paul Dirac named them after Satyendra Nath Bose to commemorate his foundational contributions to quantum statistics.
Bose was nominated for the Nobel Prize in Physics four times, by K. Banerjee (1956), D.S. Kothari (1959), S.N. Bagchi (1962), and A.K. Dutta (1962). The Nobel Committee's evaluator, Oskar Klein, concluded that his work did not merit the prize. Seven Nobel Prizes were ultimately awarded for research built on Bose's concepts of the boson, Bose-Einstein statistics, and Bose-Einstein condensate.
The Indian government awarded Bose the Padma Vibhushan in 1954, the country's second highest civilian honour. In 1959 he was appointed National Professor, the highest scholarly honour in India, a position he held for 15 years. The S.N. Bose National Centre for Basic Sciences was established by an act of Parliament in 1986 in Salt Lake, Calcutta.
The Bose-Einstein condensate is a state of matter in which a dense collection of bosons all occupy the same quantum ground state. Einstein predicted its existence by extending Bose's statistics to atoms. Experimental confirmation came in 1995, decades after the original theoretical prediction.
Bose first submitted his 1924 paper "Planck's Law and the Hypothesis of Light Quanta" to the British journal Philosophical Magazine, which rejected it for unknown reasons. He then sent it directly to Albert Einstein in Germany, who translated it into German himself and submitted it on Bose's behalf to the Zeitschrift fur Physik, where it was published in 1924.