Short answers, pulled from the story.
Salzburg is best known as the birthplace of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, for its well-preserved Baroque architecture, and for the annual Salzburg Festival held each July and August. Its historic center was listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1996.
Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart was born in Salzburg on the 27th of January 1756. He served as a musician at the archiepiscopal court from 1773 to 1781 before leaving for Vienna after a falling-out with Archbishop Colloredo.
Hohensalzburg Fortress was first built in 1077 by Archbishop Gebhard on the site of a Roman fort, which he made his personal residence. It was expanded significantly over subsequent centuries and is considered one of the largest medieval fortresses in Europe.
On the 31st of October 1731, Archbishop Count Leopold Anton von Firmian signed the Emigrationspatent, expelling all Protestant citizens who refused to recant their beliefs. Exactly 21,475 citizens refused and were expelled; most accepted resettlement in East Prussia under an offer from King Friedrich Wilhelm I of Prussia.
Yes. Fifteen Allied air strikes destroyed 46 percent of Salzburg's buildings, killed 550 inhabitants, and destroyed 7,600 houses, with the heaviest damage around the railway station. Much of the Baroque old town survived, which is why Salzburg remains one of the few intact examples of a Baroque city.
The name combines "Salz," the German word for salt, with a Proto-West-Germanic root meaning settlement or city. It refers to the salt barges that traveled the River Salzach and paid tolls there from at least the 8th century.