Short answers, pulled from the story.
Simon bar Yonah was born around 1 BC in Bethsaida on the northern shore of the Sea of Galilee. Jesus renamed him Cephas, which translates to Peter, meaning rock, to signify his role as the foundational figure of the early Church.
Simon Peter was martyred during the reign of Emperor Nero, likely in AD 67 or 68. Tradition holds that he was crucified head down at Vatican Hill during the Great Fire of Rome in AD 64.
Early Church tradition and writings from Church Fathers like Irenaeus and Tertullian place Simon Peter in Rome for the final years of his life. The first epistle of Peter mentions a church in Babylon, which scholars widely interpret as a coded reference to Rome.
Catholic tradition interprets the passage in the Gospel of Matthew where Jesus says You are Peter and on this rock I will build my church as conferring a special position on Simon Peter. This belief establishes him as the first bishop of Rome and the foundation of the Church, with authority passed down to his successors.
After denying Jesus three times before the cock crowed twice, Simon Peter was restored by Jesus after the resurrection. Jesus asked him three times if he loved him and commanded him to feed his lambs and tend his sheep, effectively restoring his position and authority.