Short answers, pulled from the story.
Sacramento became California's permanent state capital in 1854. The California Legislature had moved between San Jose, Vallejo, and Benicia before settling in Sacramento, partly because the city offered its county courthouse to house the state legislature in 1852. The Classical Revival-style California State Capitol, similar to the national Capitol, was completed in 1874.
Sacramento was founded by John Sutter Jr. and Samuel Brannan, who began laying out the city in December 1848. The city was incorporated on the 27th of February 1850, making it the oldest incorporated city in California. The broader settlement had been established earlier by John Sutter Sr., who arrived at the site on the 13th of August 1839.
Sacramento has more trees per capita than any other city in the world, according to the source. The nickname dates to at least 1855. The city was the first in the United States designated a City of Trees by the Arbor Day Foundation, in 1978. A Treepedia study by MIT ranked Sacramento the third-greenest city globally, after Vancouver and Singapore.
The discovery of gold at Sutter's Mill in Coloma in 1848, about 50 miles northeast of the settlement, brought thousands of prospectors into the region and rapidly grew the population. The gold rush devastated Sutter Sr., whose land was squatted on and whose property was stolen, but it drove the explosive commercial development of Sacramento City and attracted a population of 10,000 by the early 1850s.
The Civil Rights Project at Harvard University named Sacramento "America's Most Diverse City" in 2002. The 2020 census recorded a population of 524,943 with Hispanic or Latino residents comprising nearly 29 percent, Asian residents nearly 19 percent, and African American residents about 13 percent. Sacramento also has the largest Fijian American community in the United States.
Sacramento has a hot-summer Mediterranean climate with long, dry summers and mild, rainy winters. The highest recorded temperature was 116 degrees Fahrenheit on the 6th of September 2022, and the lowest was 18 degrees Fahrenheit on the 22nd of December 1990. July in Sacramento averages about 98 percent of possible sunshine, described as the highest such figure for any single month anywhere in the world.