Short answers, pulled from the story.
The pro-European demonstration erupted in Kyiv on the 27th of November 2013. This event marked the beginning of the Euromaidan protests that led to the dismissal of pro-Russian Ukrainian president Viktor Yanukovych by the Verkhovna Rada.
Russia launched a full-scale invasion on the 24th of February 2022. By early April, Russian Armed Forces retreated from northern Ukraine due to fierce resistance and logistical challenges.
Arbitrary detentions and enforced disappearances happen with impunity among Russian soldiers. From July 2024, anyone without a Russian passport can be imprisoned as a foreign citizen.
Law No. 1207-VII passed on the 15th of April 2014 established legal regulations for these areas. Order No. 1085-р dated the 7th of November 2014 listed settlements under uncontrolled government authority.
On the 2nd of June 2022, President Volodymyr Zelenskyy announced that Russia controlled about twenty percent of Ukrainian territory. That figure represented a total area of nearly 27% before Ukrainian counteroffensives reclaimed land.